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I've  scanned  the  world  from  east  to  west. 

To  learn  what  systems  pay  the  best. 
Why  some  crops  yield  in  large  amount. 

And  how  to  start  a  bank  account. 
What  I  have  gleaned  is  written  here 

To  help  you  in  your  work  this  year. 
Read  what  we've  learned,  and  then  begin 

With  I   H   C   to  work  and  win. 


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THE  IHC  SERVICE  BUREAU 


We  have  established  a  free  Bureau  of  real,  practical 
everyday  service  for  the  good  of  everybody,  every- 
where, interested  in  the  farm  and  its  many-sided  prob- 
lems. The  object  is  improved  farm  methods  and  larger 
and  better  crops. 

Farmers,  dairymen,  fruitmen,  stockmen,  teachers, 
students,  editors,  and  others  are  invited  to  make  free 
use  of  the  Bureau. 

When  you  want  to  know,  write  the  IHC  Service 
Bureau  of  the  International  Harvester  Company  of 
America,  Harvester  Building,  Chicago.  Experts  are 
employed  to  answer  questions  pertaining  to  soils,  soil 
fertility,  seeds,  rotation  of  crops,  climatic  conditions, 
irrigation,  insect  pests,  spraying,  the  feeding  and  hous- 
ing of  cattle,  diseases  of  animals,  care  and  use  of  farm 
machines,  planting- and  cultivation  of  specialties,  market- 
ing —  in  short,  anything  the  man  on  the  farm  wants  to 
know  the  Bureau  will  try  to  tell  him. 

Old  farm  problems  are  constantly  presenting  new 
angles,  and  new  problems  are  appearing  all  the  while. 
Whenever,  wherever,  and  whatever  the  problem,  be  it 
new  or  old,  write  out  the  facts  and  send  them  to  the 
Bureau.  If  the  problem  is  an  old  one,  the  most  accurate 
existing  information  will  be  sent  the  person  making 
the  inquiry.  If  the  problem  is  new,  the  wheels  of  in- 
vestigation will  be  set  in  motion,  and  as  soon  as  a  solution 
is  obtained  the  results  will  be  given  not  only  to  the  man 
who  brought  the  problem  to  attention  but  to  the  press 
of  the  country. 

While  the  Bureau  cooperates  with  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture,  the  Government  Experi- 
ment Stations,  and  the  State  Agricultural  Colleges, 
and  constantly  draws  from  the  knowledge  and  experi- 
ments of  the  world's  experts,  yet  much  of  the  most 
valuable  information  comes  out  of  the  experiences  of 
the  men  in  the  field.  This  being  true,  we  beg  the  co- 
operation of  farmers,  dairymen,  fruitmen,  and  stockmen, 
and  solicit  their  experiences  as  well  as  the  problems 
facing  them. 

Professor  J.  E.  Waggoner  is  at  present  chief  agricul- 
tural advisor.  He  was  a  farmer  before  he  was  a  student, 
and  he  has  remained  both  farmer  and  student  since 
his  graduation  from  Iowa  State  College  of  Agriculture 


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and  Mechanic  Arts,  at  Ames,  and  so  he  mixes  well  the 
practical  and  the  theoretical.  Previous  to  assuming  his 
present  position  Professor  Waggoner  was  professor  of 
agricultural  engineering  in  Mississippi  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College. 

Aside  from  the  individual  and  general  exchange  of 
experiences  and  solution  of  problems,  the  Bureau  is 
conducting  a  popular  educational  campaign.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  features  of  this  campaign  is  "The 
Romance  of  the  Reaper,"  an  entertainment  illustrated 
with  beautifully  colored  views  and  motion  pictures. 
This  we  offer  free  to  large  gatherings  where  there  are 
farmers  and  others  interested,  such  as  fairs,  land  and 
corn  shows,  agricultural  colleges,  institutes,  conven- 
tions, etc. 

Lantern  slides  illustrating  agricultural  progress  are 
loaned  by  the  Bureau  to  schools,  colleges,  and  other 
institutions. 

We  have  also  placed  the  Bureau  at  the  service  of 
editors,  teachers,  and  speakers  who  need  data  on  agricul- 
tural topics  for  the  preparation  of  articles,  essays,  and 
addresses.  On  request  we  prepare  special  articles  for 
the  press,  and  photographs  of  every  kind  of  farm  scene 
are  loaned. 

This  is  an  age  of  want-to-know,  and  the  more  the 
man  on  the  farm  knows,  the  less  hard  work  he  does  and 
the  more  money  he  makes.  Agriculture  has  passed 
from  drudgery  to  a  scientific  profession  —  the  most 
important  science  in  the  universe.  To  cultivate  more 
acres  and  make  those  acres  yield  larger  and  better  crops, 
to  produce  more  milk  and  butter  and  eggs,  to  raise 
more  cattle,  and  to  grow  more  fruit  —  to  better  .feed 
and  nourish  the  millions  —  is  the  most  honorable  as 
well  as  the  most  profitable  business  in  the  world.  Or 
it  will  be  the  most  profitable  when  those  who  till,  and 
produce,  and  raise,  and  grow,  more  fully  know  the  whys 
and  hows  of  tilling,  and  producing,  and  raising,  and 
growing. 

The  Bureau  is  a  center  for  the  collection  and  dis- 
tribution of  information  —  a  home  for  everyone  inter- 
ested in  agriculture  —  a  place  where  difficulties  are 
made  easy  and  gloom  is  turned  into  cheer. 

The  International  Harvester  Company  of  America 
invites  those  interested  in  the  soil  and  its  products  to  use 
the  I  H  C  Service  Bureau  as  though  it  were  their  own. 
In  truth  it  is  their  own,  and,  like  the  arm  that  is  exer- 
cised, the  more  it  is  used  the  stronger  it  becomes, 


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ADV.    27  A 


INDEX 

FARMERS'  ALMANAC  AND  ENCYCLOPEDIA  FOR  1911 


Agriculture,  The  Department  of .  14 

Antidotes  for  Poisons 26 

April  Calendar 21 

August  Calendar 2g 

Auto  Wagon 86 

Brick  Walls 88 

Builders,  Information  for 87 

Building  Suggestions  for  Farmer.  26 

Bulletins,  Farmers'   14 

Bushels,  Statutory  Weights  of  ...  61 

Bushes,How  Long  They  Will  Bear  67 

Calendar  Signs,  Explanation  of . .  4 

Calendar  Pages,  Explanation  of. .  3 

Chronological  Cycles 3 

Church  Days 6 

Concrete   and    Cobble  Stone   for 

Stables  and  Walls 32 

Concrete  Mixing  on  the  Farm  ...  72 

Cooking  Time  Table 30 

Corn 78 

Corn,  A  Novel  Crib 32 

Cream  Separator,  What  it  Will  Do  78 
Crops,  Plant  Food   Removed  per 

Acre 60 

Crops,  Yield  per  Acre 66 

Dairying,  Up-to-Date 76 

December  Calendar 37 

Dehorning  Calves   95 

Disk  Harrows,  The  Value  of 84 

Drugs,  Doses  for  Farm  Animals  .  94 

Eclipses 7 

Farm  Machines  and  Progress  ...  42 

February  Calendar 17 

First  Aid  to  the  Injured 24 

Gestation  Table  95 

Ground    Grain,     Advantages    of 

Feeding 95 

Heavens,  Chart  of 13 

Homestead  Laws 92 

Implements  and  Farm  Machines 

in  use  i860,  Value  of 43 

Implements   and   Farm  Maphines 

in  use  1900,  Value  of 45 

Incubation  Table 95 

Injured,  First  Aid  to  the 24 

Interest,  Compound 93 

Interest,  Legal  Rate  of 92 

Interest,  Simple,  Table  of 93 

January  Calendar 15 

July  Calendar 27 

June  Calendar 25 

Limitations,  Statutes  of 92 

Machines  and  Progress 42 

Manure,  Analysis  of  Stable 59 

Manure,  Stable,  Value  of 5g 

Map  of  United  States 48-49 

March  Calendar 19 


May  Calendar 23 

Money  Orders 20-22 

Money, Transmit'g  through  Banks  24 

November  Calendar 35 

October  Calendar 33 

Planets,  The  8 

Planets,  Brightest  or  Best  Seen  . .     6 

Planets,  Situation  of 6 

Planets,  Visibility  of lo 

Plant  Food  Removed  by  Various 

Crops 60 

Plant,  When  to 69 

Poisons,  Antidotes  for 26 

Postage,  Rates  of  20 

Weight  Limits,  Foreign 22 

Power,  Farm 34 

Power,  New  Farm 41 

Power  on  the  Farm 40 

Repair  Parts 60 

Renting  a  Farm 91 

Road  Drag,  How  to  Make  a 87 

Sanitation  in  the  Country 69 

Seasons,  The 7 

Seeds,  Usual  Weight  per  Bushel.  68 

Germination,  Table  of  67 

Length  of  Germ  Life   66 

Quantity  to  Sow  per  Acre 67 

When  to  Plant 66 

September  Calendar 31 

Shingles,  Covering  Capacity 88 

Silos,   Building,    Capacity,    Form 

and  Size  Neede.d 74-75 

Soil  Building 57 

Spray,  How  and  When  to 89 

Spraying  Calendar 89 

Spraying  Formulas 90 

Time,  Eras  of  3 

Time,  Standard   II 

Standard  Time  Chart,    Explana- 
tion of 4 

Time,  Standard  Table,  U.  S 12 

Tractors,  Gasoline 41 

Trees  Worth  Growing 63 

Trees,  How  Long  They  Will  Bear  67 

Trees,  Planting  Distance 67 

United  States,  Map  of 48-49 

Wagons,  Points  of  Good 86 

Wagons,  Steel 86 

Walls,  Stone  and  Brick 88 

Weather  Forecast 4 

Weights  and  Measures,  Table  of  62 
Weights  and  Measures,  Deviation 

in  Laws    61 

Wheat   in  V.  S.,  Maps  Showing 

Production  of  from  1840-1900.50-56 
Zodiac,  Signs  &  Constellations  of    5 


I  H  C  ALMANAC  AND 
ENCYCLOPEDIA 

FOR  1911 

Astronomical  Calculations 

By  BERLIN  H.  WRIGHT,  De  Land.  Florida 


Eras  of  Time 

The  Gregorian  year  191 1  corrssponds  to  the  following  eras: 

From  July  4th  the  136th  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
States. 

The  year  1329  (nearly)  of  the  Mohammedan  era  of  the  Hegira.  be- 
ginning January  2:  the  year  1330  begins  Dec.  22. 

The  year  8020  of  the  Greek  Church,  beginning  January  14. 

The  year  460S  (nearly)  of  the  Chinese  era,  beginning  January  30. 

The  year  5671-72  (nearly)  of  the  Jewish  era,  year  5672  beginning 
at  sunset  September  22. 

The  year  2571  (nearly)  of  the  Japanese  era,  beginning  January  30. 

The  year  6624  of  the  Julian  period. 

The  year  2223  of  the  Grecian  era. 

January  i,  191 1,  is  the  2,419,038th  day  since  the  commencement 
of  the  Julian  period. 

Chronological  Cycles 

Dominical  Letter A  Solar  Cycle 16 

Epact  (Moon's  Age,  Jan.  i)      .  .  .30  Roman  Indiction 9 

Lunar  Cycle,  or  Golden  number.  12  Julian  Period   6624 

Dionnysian  Period 240  Jewish  Lunar  Cycle 9 

Explanation  of  the  Calendar  Pages 

All  the  calculations  are  based  upon  mean  or  clock  time,  except  the 
Moon's  Phases,  which  are  of  that  standard  within  which  zone  the  prov- 
inces named  are  located.  The  Sun's  rising  and  setting  are  for  the 
upper  limb,  corrected  for  parallax  and  refraction.  In  the  case  of  the 
Moon  no  correction  is  needed,  as  in  the  Sun,  for  "parallax  and  refrac- 
tion," with  her  are  of  opposite  nature  and  just  balance  each  other.  The 
figures  given,  therefore,  are  for  the  Moon's  center  on  a  true  horizon,  such 
as  the  ocean  or  a  large  plain  affords. 

The  calculations  in  each  of  the  geographical  divisions  of  each  calendar 
page  will  apply  with  sufficient  accuracy  to  all  places  in  the  contiguous 
North  American  zones  indicated  by  the  headings  of  the  divisions. 

Although  the  24-hour  system  of  reckoning  is  used  on  some  of  the 
Canadian  railways  in  order  to  reduce  the  chance  of  error  in  running 
trains,  it  has  not  been  generally  adopted. 


.  JHC  ALMANAC  g>  EKCYCLOPEDIA. 
Explanation  of  Standard  Time  Chart 

The  heavy  dotted  lines  show  the  arbitrary  divisions  of  time  in  the 
United  States.  The  plus  and  minus  marks  on  either  side  of  the  meridian 
lines  show  whether  it  is  necessary  to  add  to  or  subtract  from  the  mean 
time  of  points  east  or  west  of  these  lines,  to  arrive  at  actual  standard 
time.  Examples.  New  York  City  is  i°  east  of  the  5th  meridian,  there- 
fore New  York  local  time,  less  4  m.  gives  standard  time,  and  for  Boston 
standard  (eastern)  time  16  m.  must  be  subtracted  from  mean  time. 

Explanation  of  Signs  on  Calendar  Pages 

The  signs  used  are  as  follows;  c/,  conjunction  or  near  approach; 
cP,  opposition  or  i  80°  from  the  Sun;  D,  quadrature  or  90°  from  the  Sun; 
O,  Sun;  ©,  Earth;  §,  Mercury;  s,  Venus;  J',  Mars;  2i,  Jupiter;  T?,  Sat- 
urn; S,  Uranus;  '^ ,  Neptune;  Q,  Ascending  Node;  ^,  Descending 
Node;    "J,  Moon  generally. 

Weather  Calendar  Explanation:  All  storms  are  progressive,  i.  e., 
the  entire  storm  area  moves.  This  motion  is  in  a  general  Easterly  direc- 
tion except  in  the  tropical  storms,  which  generally  pass  Northward  along 
the  Atlantic  Seabord.  Hence  by  keeping  this  in  mind  and  the  following 
facts,  in  connection  with  the  "  Weather  Calendar,"  every  one  may  become 
a  good  local  "Weather  Prophet." 

The  wind  always  blows  in  a  circle  around  a  storm  center,  in  a  direc- 
tion contrary  to  the  hands  of  a  clock,  and  generally  towards  the  storm 
center.  Hence,  when  it  blows  from  the  N.  the  heaviest  rain  is  E.  of  you ; 
if  from  the  S.  the  heaviest  rain  is  W.  of  you ;  if  from  the  E.  the  heaviest 
rain  is  S.  of  you. 

Every  one  should  own  a  barometer  and  have  a  wind  vane;  a  careful 
observation  of  the  behavior  of  these  will  enable  one  to  obtain  a  fore- 
knowledge of  local  conditions  when  studied  in  connection  with  the  gen- 
eral storm  periods  on  each  calendar  page  and  the  above  directions. 

These  "Storm  Periods"  are  the  times  when  the  conditions  are  such 
as  to  warrant  the  forecast.  But,  as  previously  stated,  very  opposite 
conditions  always  obtain  in  opposite  portions  of  the  storm  area.  Thus 
while  a  violent  thunder  storm  is  prevailing  in  the  S.  W.  quadrant  of  a 
storm  area,  cold  N.  E.  rains  will  be  falling  in  the  opposite  quadrant.  A 
storm  area  will  pass  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Atlantic  in  from 
3  to  5  days. 

The  forecasts  in  the  right  hand  column  of  the  calendar  pages  are 
based  on  sound  astro-physical  principles  and  long  observation. 

For  "long  range"  forecasts  they  will  compare  favorably  with  24  or 
36  hour  forecasts,  and  will  be  considered  as  being  fulfilled  when  compared 
with  official  observations  covering  the  period  for  which  they  are  made 
under  the  following  conditions,  viz.:  If  it  storms  within  12  hours  before 
or  after  the  date  given  for  storm.  For  warm  and  cold  periods  allow  five 
days,  as  they  may  occasionally  overlap.  Storm  periods  cover  three 
days. 

It  must  not  be  understood  that  "Storm  Period"  means  that  storms 
are  expected  to  prevail  at  all  places  within  the  range  of  the  district 
covered  by  the  almanac  at  one  time,  as  all. storms  are  progressive.  That 
is,  they  move  in  an  easterly  direction  if  they  originate  in  the  West,  and 
in  a  northerly  direction  if  their  birthplace  is  in  the  South.  The  periods 
so  marked  are  simply  the  times  within  which  severe  storms  are  most 
likely  to  occur.  The  stonns  also  may  vary  greatly  m  character,  accord- 
ing to  location  with  respect  to  the  storm  center,  or  they  may  be  chiefly 
electrical  or  of  wind  alone. 


,,  IHC  ALMANAC  g*  ENCYCLOPEDIA  ,FjiWm 


The  Zodiacal  Signs  are  here  given,  with  the  period  during  which  they 
are  in  control  according  to  Astrologists. 

January  20  to  February  19,  sjk,  Aquarius,  the  Water  Bearer. 

February  ig  to  March  21,  K,  Pisces,  the  Fishes. 

March  21  to  April  21,  HP,  Aries,  the  Ram. 

April  21  to  May  22,  "O'.  Taurus,  the  Bull. 

May  22  to  June  22,  n,  Gemini,  the  Twins 

June  22  to  July  23,  6^,  Cancer,  the  Crab. 

July  23  to  August  23,  Q,  Leo,  the  Lion. 

August  23  to  September  23,  Tip,  Virgo,  the  Virgin. 

September  24  to  October  24,  ^,  Libra,  the  Scales. 

October  24  to  November  23,  Tit,  Scorpio,  the  Scorpion. 

November  23  to  December  22,  -^,  Sagittarius,  the  Archer. 

December  22  to  January  20,  \3.  Capricorn,  the  Sea  Goat. 

The  Signs  and  Constellations  of  the  Zodiac 

Until  recently  wc  supposed  that  the  present  relationship  between  the 
signs  and  constellations  of  the  zodiac  was  generally  understood,  as  all 
astronomical  te.xt-books  mention  their  disagreement  and  explain  the 
cause.  The  numerous  letters  of  inquiry  concerning  differences  between 
this  data  in  this  almanac  and  certain  others  show  the  necessity  for  this 
note  of  explanation. 

Thousands  of  years  ago  when  the  zodiac,  that  belt  of  the  heavens 
about  16°  in  width  within  which  move  the  moon  and  planets,  was  formed 
and  divided  into  twelve  parts  or  seasons  called  signs,  each  containing 
certain  star  groups  called  constellations.  Each  was  given  a  name  of  an 
object  or  animal  which  never  did  bear  any  relationship  to  the  configura- 
tion of  the  stars  in  that  group  or  division,  but  which  did  or  is  suppos  d 
to  have  reference  to  certain  a.stronomical  or  other  facts.  Thus  Libra,  =2= 
the  scales  or  balance  comes  at  the  autumnal  equinox  when  there  is  an 
equilibrium  or  balance  between  the  length  of  day  and  night  the  world 
over.  Aquarius,  jk;,  the  water  bearer,  and  whose  sign  is  the  Egyptian 
sign  for  running  water,  comes  at  the  season  of  greatest  rams  in  Egypt,  etc. 

Since  the  time  when  these  divisions  were  made  and  named,  owing  to 
the  precession  of  the  equinoxes,  resulting  from  the  differing  polar  and 
equatorial  diameters  of  the  earth,  the  signs  have  moved  back  west 
nearly  a  whole  division  or  constellation  and  where  T*  was  the  first,  X 
now  is.  Hence  though  the  sun  now  enters  the  sign  "y  March  20,  it  is  a 
month  later  when  he  enters  the  constellation  y.  It  must  be  apparent, 
therefore,  that  any  supposed  influence  or  relationship  which  early  astrol- 
ogers attributed  to  the  position  of  the  sun,  moon  or  planets  when  in  cer- 
tain of  these  divisions  can  no  longer  exist,  as  the  sign  now  only  represents 
that  space  or  division  of  the  zodiac  where  the  controlling  constellation  was 
2,000  or  more  years  ago  but  is  not  now.  Nevertheless  some  almanacs 
.still  give  the  signs  for  the  moon's  place,  which  is  very  misleading  to  those 
who  attempt  to  follow  her  in  her  course  among  the  stars.  Hence  this 
almanac  gives  the  constellation  and  discards  the  ancient  picture  of  the 
disemboweled  man  as  relics  of  the  age  of  superstition.  The  sign  is  re- 
tained for  sun's  place  in  the  seasons  and  sun's  path  each  month  because 
of  its  relationsh'.f)  to  the  equinoxes  and  solstices.  Inquiries  will  receive 
attention  when  stamped  and  self-directed  envelopes  are  inclosed. 

Berli.n  H.  Wright,  De  L.\nd,  Fla. 
5 


^^II/C  ALMANAC  '^  EKCYCLOPEDIA, 


Fixed  and  Movable  Feasts,  or  Church  Days 


New  Years'  Day  (Circumcision)  .  .  .Jan. 

Conversion  of  St.  Paul " 

Purification  B.  V.  M Feb. 

Septuagesima  Sunday " 

St.  Valentine " 

Sexagesima  Sunday " 

Quinquagesima  Sunday " 

Shrove  Tuesday '* 

Ash  Wednesday  (Lent  begins) Mar. 

Quadragesima  Sunday 

St.  Patrick's  Day " 

Annuncia-tion  (Lady  Day) 

Mjd-Lent  Sunday 

Palm  Sunday Apr. 

Good  Friday ]] 

Easter  Sunday "^ 

Low  Sunday  (St.  George) 

St.  Mark " 

Philip  and  James May 

Rogation  Sunday 

Ascension  (Holv)  Thursday 

Whit  Sunday  (Pentecost) June 

Trinity  Sunday 

Corpus  Christi 

Nativity  John  the  Baptist 


Peter  and  Paul June 

Mary  Magdalen July 

St.  James 

Transfiguration .Aug. 

St.  Bartholomew " 

Exalt.  Holy  Cross Sept. 

St.  Matthew " 

Michaelmas " 

St.  Luke Oct. 

Simon  and  Jude 

Hallowe'en " 

All  Saints Nov. 

Thanksgiving " 

St.  Andrew 

Advent  Sunday Dec. 

St.  Thomas 

Christmas  Day 

St.  Stephen 

St.  John  the  Evangelist [' 

Holy  Innocents 


EMBER   DAYS. 
Wednesday,   Friday  and   Saturday. 


Mar.  S,  loand  1 1. 
June  7,  Q  and  lo. 


Sept. 
Dec. 


2  2  and  23. 
22  and  23. 


Jl 


Planets  Brightest  or  Best  Seen 


Mercury  (C).  Feb.  i-s  and  Sept.  23-30.  asa  morning  star,  rising  i  hour  15  minutes 
before  the  sun;  also  April  1 -10  and  Dec  4-10.  as  an  evening  st  .r,  setting  i  hour  15  minutes 
after  the  sun.  Venus  V  5),  Aug.  8-12  as  an  evening  star,  and  Oct.  21-25  asa  morning  star. 
Mars  (cf).  Nov.  24-25,  all  night.  Jupiter  fJI),  April  30,  all  night.  Saturn  (h ).  Nov.  9. 
all  night.     Uranus  (6  or  Ijl),  July  20.  all  night.      Neptune  (^),  Jan.  11,  all  night. 


Morning  Stars  ( West  of  Sun ) 

Mercury  —  see  "Planets  Brightest." 

Venus,  until  Sept.  14. 

Mars,  until  Aug.  S. 

Jupiter,  until  Feb,  3  and  after  Nov.  18. 

Saturn,  from  May  i  to  Aug.  13. 


Evening  Stars  (East  of  Sun) 

Mercury  —  see  "  Planets  Brightest." 

Venus,  after  Sept.  14. 

Mars,  after  Aug.  8. 

Jupiter,  from  Feb.  3  to  Nov.  18. 

Saturn,  until  May  i  and  after  Aug.  13. 


Situation  of  the  Planets  for  the  Sundays;  also  Moon's 
Position  for  the  Year 

Explanation  of  Signs. —  T  Aries,  y  Taurus,  n  Gemini.  5:s  Cancer.  H  Leo. 
110  Virgo.  £^  Libra.  Il)  Scorpio.  I  Sagittarius,  l^  Capricornus.  "Aquarius.  K  Pisces. 
The  place  indicated  for  the  planets  is  for  the  ist,  2d,  3d.  4th  and  5th  Sundays  of  each  month. 
in  the  order  of  the  planets. 


PLANET 

Jan. 

Feb. 

March 

Apr. 

May 

June 

July 

.^Ug. 

Sept 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

D.  Cn. 

D.  Cn. 

D.  Con. 

D.  Cn. 

D.  Cn. 

D.Cn. 

B.  Con. 

D.Cn. 

D.  Cn. 

D.Cn. 

D.Cn. 

D.  Con. 

Venus  (9).. 

I  i 

5  15= 

5  H 

2T' 

7  B 

4n 

2  r^ 

b<). 

3U 

:y 

54i 

3  111) 

Mars  (d').. 

8  111 

12  ? 

12/ 

23T 

14  ~ 

iiH 

i?S 

23  T' 

13  -v 

10  b 

8  8 

12  a 

10 'P 

lupiterCm. 
Saturn  (I)).. 

%-v 

2b  T 

2b  T 

21  ii 

28  T 

18  — 

25  T 

27  T 

17^ 
24  T 

'^^ 

2?T 

170 

24  T 

30/ 

30/ 

29/ 

3'  / 

I)  Perigee  . 

12 

q 

b 

\f 

28 

2S 

24 

21 

17 

11 

8 

6 

D  Apogee  .  ■ 

24 

21 

21 

15 

II 

8 

^ 

2-2U 

27 

24 

6t 

»  Highest  (a) 

1.1 

9 

8 

^ 

2-29 

26 

22 

7 

9 

D  Lowest  (^,/ 

26 

23 

22 

18 

16 

12* 

9 

5 

27 

\i 

Datn 

B  atQ 

23 

19 

18 

i; 

12 

8 

5 

1-28 

25 

22 

>5 

10 

6 

5 

^■^^ 

26 

22 

2C 

16 

12 

9 

\ 

3-30 

«  On  Equator. . 

6-19 

3-16 

3-15-30 

I2-2b 

9.23 

5-20 

3-17-30 

13-26 

9-23 

6-19 

3-ib 

1-13-28 

*  Moon  lowest  of  the  Year, 
igio  edition.  « 


t  Moon  highest  of  the  Year.     See  Note  of  Explanation  in 


IHC  ALMANAC  "^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


The  Seasons  and  the  Sun's  Apparent  Path  through  the  Zodiac 


Sun  Enters 

(Mean 

Local  T 

me) 

Sign  Constellation 
l^      =       /          Dec. 
-       =       I*         Jan. 

22 
20 

II 

8 

56 
37 

a.  m. 
a.  m. 

1910. 
191 1. 

Winter  begins  and  lasts 
South  of  Equator. 

D. 

89 

K      = 
f      = 
8       = 

K 

T 

Feb. 
Mar. 
Apr. 

19 
21 
21 

I 
0 
0 

4 

38 

20 

a.  m. 
p.  m. 
a.  m. 

igii. 
191 1. 
1911. 

Spring  begins  and  lasts 
North  of  Equator. 

92 

n     = 

8 
n 

May 
June 
lulv 

21 
22 

23 

9 

8 

7 

4 
20 
12 

a.  m. 
a.  m. 
p.  m. 

1911. 
1911. 
1911- 

Summer  begins  and 
lasts,  north  of  Equator. 

93 

M    = 

i^   = 

m     = 

f^ 

Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 

24 
23 
24 

2 
II 

7 

22 
2 

,S8 

a.  m. 
p.  m. 
a.  m. 

IQII. 
191  I. 
I9II. 

Autumn  begins  and 
lasts,  south  of  Equator. 

89 

/     = 

? 

Nov. 
Dec. 

23 

22 

4 

40 

.^7 

a.  m. 
p.  m. 

191  I. 
I9II. 

Winter  begins,  tropical  365 

D.         H. 

M. 

D. 

H.        M. 

year. 

89         0 
89       18 

42 

35 

92 
93 

ig      42 
14      42 

18      35 


178     19     17     South  of  the  Equator.  186     10     24       North  of  the  Equator. 
Subtract     178      19      17 

715       7       longer  north  of  Equator  than  south 
of  it.  owing  to  the  slower  motion  of  the  Earth  (Sun's  apparent  motion)  at  and  near  Aphelion. 

Eclipses  L  iring  1911 

There  will  be  two  eclipses  this  year  and  both  of  the  Sun,  as  must 
always  be  the  case  when  only  two  occur.     They  are  as  follows: 

I.  Total,  April  28,  partially  visible  in  the 
United  States  as  a  small  partial  eclipse  on  the 
Sun's  southern  limb.  The  Sun  will  set  more  or 
less  eclipsed  east  of  a  line  from  near  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  to  Matagorda  Bay,  Texas.  Washington, 
D.  C,  is  on  the  northern  Atlantic  boundary  of 
the  area  of  visibility.  No  part  of  the  eclipse 
will  be  visible  north  of  a  hne  from  Portland, 
Ore.,  through  Milwaukee  and  Pittsburg  to  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Therefore  the  eclipse  will  be  very 
small  in  the  western  and  middle  states  west  of 

the  above  mentioned  line  from    Pittsburg    to  ,  -,  7      ^ 

Matagorda  Bay,   being  largest  in  the  extreme    ^t&"c^^oix\li7^. 
Southwest.      More  exactly  visible  as  follows :  sun's  southern  limb. 


Begins 

H.    M. 

Ends 

H.    M. 

Size 
Digits 

Correction  for 
Standard  Time 

Chicago 

6:10  p.  m. 
Contact  of  limbs 
6:14  p.  m. 
5:43 

6:15  p.  m. 
at  sunset. 
©  sets  eclipsed 
6:23  p.  m. 

0.5 

2.0  I  at  sunset 

i-S 

—  lom.  Central 

Washington 

Charleston.  S.  C... 
St.  Louis.  Mo 

—  20m.  Eastern 
-f-     im.  Central 

St.  Paul / 

Minneapolis. . .  .  \ 

New  Orleans 

San  Diego 

San  Francisco-  .  .  . 

Los  Angeles 

Birmingham 

Contact  of  limbs 

5:22  p.  m. 

3:11      " 

2:52 

3:08      •' 

5:39 

6:23      " 

6:06      " 

5:34      ** 

5:27 

5:52      " 

6:07 

^:56      " 

Contact  of  limbs 

at  sunset. 
0  sets  eclipsed 
4:46  p.  m. 
4:15 
4:20 
0  sets  eclipsed 

At  sunset 

0  sets  eclipsed 

at  sunset. 

2.0  D  at  sunset 

4.0 

3.0 

3-0 

2.8  D  at  sunset 

3.0 

2.0 

1.7  D  at  sunset 

3-0  I     " 

0.9  D  " 

~  0  Central 

—  iim.  Pacific 
+  lom. 

—  6m. 

—  13m.  Central 
+  I  sni.   Eastern 

Jacksonville 

Little  Rock 

Jackson,  Miss 

Chattanooga 

Savannah 

Louisville 

Richmond,  Va..  .  . 

—  33ni.  Central 
+     9ni. 

+     im. 

—  19m.         " 

—  Z^VCi. 

—  i8m. 

I     Indicate  that  the  eclipse  will  be  increasing  at  sunset. 
D    Indicates  that  the  eclipse  will  be  decreasing  at  sunset. 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


II.  Annular,  Oct.  22.  Invisible  on  the  Western  Continent.  Visible 
in  the  southwestern  Pacific  and  Asia.  The  path  of  the  Annular  phase 
passes  through  New  Guinea,  southern  Philippines  and  southern  China 
to  the  sea  of  Aral. 

The  Planets 

Mercury  (")  will  be  brightest:  (a)  A.s  an  Evening  Star,  April  i-io 
and  Dec.  4-T0,  setting  about  i  h.  15  m.  after  the  £un,  being  a,;  greatest 
angular  distance  east  of  the  Sun  April  14(19°)  and  Dec.  7  (ii°).  At  the 
April  date  he  will  be  in  K  directly  south  of  a  Alpha  Arietis  and  the  line 
of  stars  in  the  horn  of  the  Ram,  and  in  December  in  Tfl  near  the  end  of 
the  handle  of  the  Milk-maid's  Dipper.  On  April  10  Tj  will  be  4°  south  of 
g  and  on  September  24  %  wiU  be  6°  north  of  9.  (b)  As  a  Morning  Star. 
February  1-5  and  September  23-30,  rising  about  i  h.  15  m.  before  the  Sun, 
being  at  greatest  angular  distance  west  of  the  Sun  February  2  (25°)  and 
September  25  (iS°).  When  brightest  in  Februarj^  the  Milkmaid's  "Dipper 
in  7f1  will  be  about  10°  west  of  him,  and  in  September  the  Sickle  in  Q  will 
be  about  15°  west  of  him.  The  absence  of  the  Moon  on  the  February  and 
September  periods  will  render  those  dates  still  more  favorable. 

Venus  (9).  the  "Queen  of  Beauty,"  and  whose  sign  is  a  looking 
glass,  will  bo  a  most  attractive  celestial  object  nearly  all  of  the  year. 
Twice  she  will  be  at  her  very  brightest;  first,  August  S-12  as  an  Even- 
ing Star,  and  again  after  passing  between  the  Earth  and  Sun  (inferior 
conjunction)  as  a  Morning  Star,  October  21-25.  See  Table  of  the 
Planets  and  Chart  of  Visibility  of  the  Planets.  Venus  not  only  attains 
a  greater  degree  of  brilliancy  tlian  any  of  the  other  planets,  but  at  such 
times,  and  for  about  a  month  before  and  after,  she  will  show  a  large 
crescent  phase  like  the  Moon  between  new  and  the  quarters.  At  the 
October  date  she  will  shine  with  unusual  splendor  in  the  absence  of  the 
Moon,  and  will  cast  a  distinct  shadow. 


Explanation :  A.  Fifteen  days  before 
superior  conjunction  or  June  i8.  igi2, 

B.  -At  greatest  elongation  West— Nov. 
26,  1911. 

C. — When  brightest  as  a  morning  star — 
Oct.  21-25,  1911. 

D. — Just  after  inferior  conjunction  or 
Sept.  20.  1911. 

E. —  Fifteen  iays  after  superior  conjunc- 
tion July  18,  1912. 

F. — At  greatest  elongation  East— July  7, 
1911. 

G.— When  brightest  as  an  evening  star, 
Aug.  8-12.1911. 

H.— Just  before  inferior  conjunction, 
Sept.  10,  1911, 


Towards  Ihe  Sun 


00 


As  seen  in  rfie  Horn 

West  of  Sun 


As  seen  in  Ihe  Eve 

East  of  Sun 


At  the  beginning  of  the  year  ?  will  be  found  5°  N.  of  Milkmaid's 
Dipper  in  ^'•;  January  11  just  S.  of  the  brightest  star  in  \3  and  on  the 
boundary  betw-Cti  ^fl  and  \3  :  cC  3  February  i,  $  3°  37'  N. ;  February 
8  in  Kx  10°  S.  of  the  A  on  the  equator  of  the  heavens;  February  26  on 
the  prime  meridian  of  the  heavens  15°  S.  of  the  square  of  Pegasus; 
;/  3  March  2 ,  $  2°  20'  N.;  enters  K  March  26-29;  April  i,  cC  Q,  ? 
14'  N.  and  occulted;  April  15,  5°  S.  of  the  Pleiades;  April  26,  7°  N.  of 
Aldebaran,  the  lucida  of  the  Hyades;  May  i,  c/  3.  ?  1°  29'  S. ;  May  7 
in  eastern  ■q'  and  due  N.  of  Orion's  Belt  24°;  May  15  in  line  northward 
with  the  bright  stars  in  the  feet  of  the  twins  (n)  with  the  brightest  star 
of  the  heavens  (Sirius)  due  S.  of  her  about  40°.  Note  that  an  immense 
diamond  is  formed  by  Venus  on  the  N.,  Sirius  on  the  S.,  Betelguese  on 
the  W.  and  Procyon  on  the  E. —  a  most  striking  figure  in  the  evening 
skies  west  of  the  meridian;  May  29-30,  between  Castor  and  Pollux  in 
n   on  the  N.  and  Procyon  on  the  S.,  but  nearest  the  former,  and  3°  N. 


IHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


of  U? ;  June  12-13  in  0  on  northern  edge  of  the  group  of  dim  stars  called 
Praesepe;  June  29,  (/  3.  ?  3°  4°'  — ;  July  5^6  'ess  than  1°  M.  of  Regu- 
lus  in  the  end  of  the  handle  of  the  Sickle;  brightest  August  8-12,  when 
about  15°  E.  of  Regulus,  near  the  middle  of  -'^l,  where  she  soon  becomes 
stationary,  with  respect  to  the  stars,  and  then  begins  to  move  back  west- 
ward, or  retrogrades.  She  may  be  seen  in  the  day  time,  in  July  and 
August;  becomes  invisible  early  in  September,  being  at  infeiior  con- 
junction September  15.  When  next  seen  she  will  appear  m  the  east  in 
the  morning,  west  of  the  Sun;  cC  §  ,  September  24,  being  10°  S.  of  SJ  ; 
stationarv  again  earlv  in  October  in  eastern  Q :  occulted  by  3  Novem- 
ber 16;  advances  past  the  stars  of  Itf,  passing  about  4°  N.  of  Spica  the 
last  of   November,  and  through   the  square  of  ^  the  last  of  December. 

Mars  (J')  willbebrightest  as  an  Evening  Star  November  24-25,  being 
a  Morning  Star  until  August  8,  and  afterward  an  Evening  Star  to  the  end 
of  the  year.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  he  will  be  in  Ttl,  low  in  the  east 
at  dawn  and  about  5°  N.  of  Antares;  (/  3  January  26;  February  i,  3° 
N.  of  the  Milkmaid's  Dipper  in  x":  cf  2)  February  24,  cC  ty  March  11; 
March  15,  in  \3  about  5°  S.  of  the  bright  stars  in  the  head  of  the  goat; 
c/  3  March  25;  last  of  April  in  k^  10°  S.  of  the  A:  c/  (D  April  23  and 
May  22;  June  i  on  first  meridian  of  the  heavens;  c/  2).  (?  '='  N-  20th. 
On  the  15th  of  Julv  he  will  be  about  10°  S.  of  the  bright  stars  in  Hf; 
August  S  at  westcni  □  and  cf  T?  August  16;  last  of  August  8°  S.  of 
Pleiades;  last  of  September  close  to  and  N.  of  the  Hyades.  Stationary 
middle  of  October  in  ><;  retrogrades  very  slowly  back  to  the  Pleiades 
December  i,  being  at  rj"  November  26,  when  he  will  rise  at  sunset,  pass 
the  meridian  at  midnight  and  set  at  sunrise. 

Jupiter  (Qi)  will  be  at  ^  April  30,  when  he  will  be  brightest  and  an 
evening  and  all-night  star.  Inasmuch  as  %  requires  12  of  our  years  in 
which  to  make  a  revolution  about  the  Sim  and  pass  all  the  stars  of  the 
Zodiac,  his  movements  from  time  to  time  will  be  very  slight  as  compared 
with  the  planets  whose  orbits  are  interior  to  his,  as  he  traverses  only  one 
sign  in  a  year.  He  is  still  in  =&,  and  during  the  first  days  of  February 
he  will  be  very  close  (1°  N.)  to  the  brightest  star  in  that  constellation  — 
Alpha  Librae,  situated  on  the  Ecliptic  and  being  the  S.  W.  star  of  the 
Square  of  Libra.  The  last  of  November  he  will  pass  out  of  and  E.  of  the 
Square  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  be  about  8°  E   of  its  easternmost  scar. 

Saturn  f  T? )  will  be  brightest  November  g  as  an  evening  and  all-ni.ght 
star,  and  will  be  very  bri.ght  for  a  considerable  time  before  and  after  that 
time.  As  two  and  one-half  years  are  required  for  him  to  pass  through 
one  sign  or  constellation,  we  can  scarcely  detect  any  change  in  position 
with  respect  to  the  stars  from  month  to  month.  He  is  in  T"  and  of  his 
large  family  of  satellites  —  ten  in  all  —  only  one  (Titan)  is  ordinarily 
visible  with  a  3-incli  telescope,  but  his  wonderful  ring  system  is  always 
visible  in  such  an  instrument,  except  when  the  Earth  is  crossing  their 
plane  every  15  years.  The  ring  system  is  best  observe  1  in  August 
about  the  time  of  the  western  quadrature  of  T? .  From  August  on  he 
will  be  only  a  few  degrees  west  of  the  Pleiades  and  Hyades. 

Uranus  (S  or  IjO  will  be  brightest  July  20,  and  will  not  be  near  any 
bright  or  conspicuous  star.  Perhaps  the  best  time  for  an  amateur  to 
locate  this  planet  will  be  at  its  close  conjunction  with  ^  March  11, 
when  ^  will  be  seen  for  several  days  only  one-third  of  a  degree  (or  about 
one-half  the  Moon's  apparent  diameter)  N.  of  (J*. 

Neptune  Cj?),  the  outermost  known  of  our  planetary  family,  will  be 
brightest  January  11,  in  jt,  a  few  degrees  S.  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  It  is 
stated  that  a  good  opera  or  field  glass  will  show  '-^  at  the  time  of  cP.  or 
when  brightest.  Look  for  it  on  a  line  from  Castor  to  Procyon  nearly 
midway  between  those  stars  with  a  fine  cluster  of  dim  stars  to  the  west. 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA . 


VISIBILITY  OF  THE  PRII 

CIPAL  PLANETS.  1911 

Q    Venus       O"      Mars 

T/     Jupiter       >2    Saturn 

''^'^              Eve.             Morn.            Eve.             Morn. 
Star             Star              Star             Star 

Eve.             Morn.            Eve.             Morn. 
Star              Star             Star              Star 

1  """in     "Z-riii-i::  r  :  : 

_:::: :"      t------      -/  44-- 

Jan    "                J_                                       -X-         \ 

\.. .  ,     ,      / ,     1,,^ 

'^^"- 21 —              __:±  4 

1 ----     ±i:±     :;  : 

::~_:gax     :::::3    e°-X_ 

i        \       _             i 

2"       3                              3              ?                                  2 

._t;/:           I L -HZ- 

i"vj"                        <rt,            ^  ^      ^^           -„»^. 

:i::'^          ^ i        -4_- 

y            X ;_: 33^ 

:_2-        -        E ^    --zt- 

,  -f--      — t ?   —      3~p" 

y                            \        -       I     _-3-- 

,'^                         5  _    __    -          aU- 

P""'  2i~o"-      --OC                     g; 

/     Bfifivtest         s,_iB:daiU-   '  _ 

..    _,  .              J     "I 

„3..   ,,-«--        --HS S ■               S   I\l   1   1  1   1   M   1    lU  1  W  f,1  n\i    l,!M..LI 

'"'  21    ji'       -     s~   ~u L* 

.J       _         _    ^: a J__L-- 

1--- V.-- 

.    L                        L ia_X__r,-fc-- 

-    A               ^      -?             UTS-- 

— 21  ^_ 4:n:___ 4_ 

.Ipf -t—\ — vEs" 

1 ^^    

::=^===;-  :::t==:=-=A|:: 

-illiE^      --^-. U 

A          /tn        ._S^ 4iS_- 

Aug.  n  fer'-hf  St  ,.                        WO/     V     \ 

::|±:::::i:::s::^^-i\:: 

^l—-\ .-  —  ---I 

"-ihiirr-i-^iiA^^:^:: 

SeDt  "                  S                                                     -+ 

_iiy[       L     _-.     ai-     J y         ,-;-.L..V 

21      inf't   ilriysbe      /                     "1 

::|±V— £^-44=2+—^- 

°-^-;!fegttU-'v— --^ 

1  _  ■          _. ..-  ^       ..  z 

Nov  "                            \     _-.  -y..  - 

■til  l-rf-l    K-i""    K       +-4#y 

Copyr.ghf.  I909,by  Berlin  H.Wr.ghK  De  Land.Fla 


Explanation 

The  light  portions  show  when  and  to  what  extent  each  of  the  planets  named  will 
be  visible. 

See  I  H  C  Almanac  and  Encyclopedia  for  iqio  for  Extended  Explanation. 

Examples:  Venus  will  be  east  of  the  Sun,  an  evening  star,  and  increasing  her  angular 
distance  from  the  Sun  until  July  7,  and  will  be  brightest  August  10,  when  much  nearer  the 
Sun.  After  this  she  approaches  the  Sun  and  decreases  in  brightness  to  invisibility  Septem- 
ber 15,  when  at  inferior  conjunction,  or  exactly  between  the  Earth  and  Sun.  She  reappears, 
shortly  after  her  conjunction,  west  of  the  Sun  as  a  morning  star  and  again  widens  her  dis- 
tance from  the  Sun  until  November  26,  being  brightest  October  22.  Thus  itwillbeseen 
that  she  may  be  at  her  brightest  twice  in  one  year,  but  never  when  farthest  from  the  Sun 
■ — in  angular  distance — as  in  the  case  (nearly)  of  the  superior  planets. 

Mars  starts  in  the  year  as  a  morning  star  and  gradually  grows  in  brightness  as  he 
recedes  from  the  Sun  until  November  75  whenhe  will  be  at  opposition,  of  180°  from  the  Si-n, 
rising  at  sunset  and  shining  all  night.  He  will  begin  to  be  seen  in  the  evening  hours  August 
g,  and  by  about  December  i  he  may  very  properly  be  called  an  "all-night  star,"  appearing 
equally  in  the  evening  and  morning  hours. 

Replies  to  all  questions  as  to  the  Star  and  Planet  Charts  will  be  made  to  all  who  enclose 
a  stamped  and  self -addressed  envelope,  by  Berlin  H,  Wright,  DeLand,  Fla. 


10 


IHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCTCLOPEDIA , 


Standard  Time 

For  the  convenience  of  the  railroads  and  business  in  general  a  standard  of  time  was 
established  by  mutual  agreement  in  tSSj,  and  by  this  calculation  trains  are  now  run  and 
local  time  is  regulated.  By  this  system  the  United  States,  extending  from  65°  to  125° 
west  longitude,  is  divided  into  four  time  sections,  each  of  15®  of  longitude,  exactly  equiva- 
lent to  one  hour  (7Ji°  or  30  m.  on  each  side  of  a  meridian),  commencing  with  the  75th 
meridian.  The  first  or  eastern  section  includes  all  territory  between  the  Atlantic  Coast  and 
an  irregular  line  drawn  from  Buflalo  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  the  latter  city  being  its  southern- 
most point.  The  second  or  central  s.'ction  includes  all  the  territory  between  this  eastern 
line  and  another  irregular  line  extending  from  Bismarck,  N.  D,.  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio 
Grande.  The  third  or  mountain  section  includes  all  the  territory  between  the  last-named 
line  and  nearly  all  the  western  bordtrs  of  Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Arizona.  The  fourth  or 
Pacific  section  includes  all  the  territory  of  the  United  States  between  the  boundary  of  the 
mountain  section  end  the  Pacific  Coast.  Inside  of  each  of  these  sections  standard  time  is 
uniform,  and  the  time  of  each  section  differs  from  that  next  to  it  by  exactly  one  hovu". 

It  is  obvious  that  to  express  the  time  of  rising  and  setting  of  the  Sun  and  Moon  in 
standard  time  wotild  limit  the  usefulness  of  such  data  to  the  single  point  or  place  for  which 
it  was  computed,  while  in  mean  time  it  is  practically  correct  for  places  as  widely  separated 
as  the  widtli  of  the  continent  fsee  note  at  bottom  of  February  calendar),  and  persons  having 
obtained  the  mean  time  by  the  rising  or  setting  of  the  Sun  or  Moon,  may  easily  ascertain 
the  correct  standard  time  of  any  event  by  making  use  of  the  following  table. 

The  60th,  75th,  goth,  105th  and  i  20th  meridians  west  of  Greenwich  are  the  ones  from 
which  the  various  standards  are  reckoned.  Ascertain  which  is  the  nearest  to  the  point 
in  question  and  the  difference  in  longitude,  then  if  the  station  be  west  of  the  meridian  add 
this  difference  of  lon-^itude  (  4  m.  =  1")  and  if  east  subtract,  as  indicated  by  the  signs  in  the 
different  divisions  (see  maps). 


/  o 


*"',""t^^J. 
^1^  '•   '.  DAKOTA 
A,MaodaL"  MINN' 

^         I    DAKJJTA 


OU  • 


^•d.     !   T?"^"oKLA.  -     -.-'t:;-^>y 


^-'ZONA 


NEW/ 


■-.,    ,  MEXICO 

^,N«"   y  ^  E  x%  s 

STANDARD  TIME^^'"\ 


BELTS 


A 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


If  the  original  plan  of  reckoning  from  the  above-named  meridians 
had  been  followed  the  correction  could  never  be  over  30  m.,  whereas  it 
is  often  more.  By  reference  to  the  following  table  and  locating  the  place 
the  correction  is  desired  for  (if  not  named  in  the  table),  by  means  of  other 
places  there  named,  the  correction  for  all  points  may  be  readily  obtained 
by  approximation. 

In  the  Dominion  of  Canada  Pacific  time  is  in  use  from  Vancouver 
toLaggan;  Mountain  time  from  Laggan  to  Broadview;  Central  time  from 
Broadview  to  Fort  William;  Eastern  time  from  Fort  William  to  S.  S. 
Marie  and  Detroit  to  Vanceboro;  Atlantic  or  Inter-Colonial  time  from 
Vanceboro  eastward.     (See  table  and  map.) 


Standard  Time  Table  —  United  States 

To  obtain  standard  time,  add  or  subtract  the  figures  given  to  local 
time. 


City 


Albany   NY 

Austin,  Texas 

Central 

BatonRouge,  L^ 

Central 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak 

Central 

Boston,  Mass 

Eastern 

Buffalo,  N.  Y 

Eastern 

Burlington,  Iowa 

Central 

Cairo    111 

Charleston.  S.  C 

Easterri 

Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Central 

Cleveland,  Ohio 

Central 

Columbia,  S.  C 

Eastern 

Columbus.  Ohio 

Central 

Central 

Denver.  Colo 

Mount'n 

Des  Moines.  Iowa 

Central 

Detroit.  Mich 

Central 

Dubuque.  Iowa 

Central 

Duluth,  Minn 

Central 

Evansville,  Ind 

Central 

Fort  Gibson,  Cher.  N.   .  . 

Central 

Fort  Smith,  Ark 

Central 

Fort  Wajme,  Ind 

Central 

Galena.  Ill 

Central 

Galveston,  Texas 

Central 

Grand  Haven.  Mich 

Central 

Central 

Huntsville.  Ala 

Central 

Indianapolis.  Ind 

Central 

Central 

Jacksonvi  le.  Fla 

Central 

JanesviUe.  Wis 

Central 

Jefferson  City,  Mo 

Central 

Kansas  City,  Mo 

Central 

Central 

Knoxville.  Tenn 

Central 

Central 

Lawrence,  Kan 

Central 

Lexington.  Ky 

Central 

Standard 

or 
Division 


Correc'n 
Minutes 


Sub.  s 
Add  31 
Add  5 
Add  40 
Add  43 
Sub.  16 
Add  16 
Add  5 
Sub.  3 
Add  20 
Sub.  10 
Sub.  22 
Sub.  33 
Add  24 
Sub.  28 
Sub.  23 
Add  o 
Add  14 
Sub.  2S 
Add  3 
Add  9 
Sub.  39 
Sub.  10 
Add  21 
Add  19 
Sub.  20 
Add  2 
Add  10 
Sub.  15 
Add  7 
Add  2  1 
Sub.  12 
Sub.  16 
Add  I 
Sub.  33 
Sub.  4 
Add  9 
Add  19 
Add  6 
Sub.  24 
Add  s 
Add  2  1 
Sub.  23 


City 


Standard 

or 

Division 


Little  Rock,  Ark..  . 

Louisville.  Ky 

Lynchburg,  Va. .  . 
Memphis,  Tern,  . 
Milwaukee,  Wis..  . 

Mobile,  Ala 

Montgomery,  Ala. . 
Nashville,  Tenn. ,  . 
New  Haven,  Conn. 
New  Orleans,  La. .  . 
New  York.  N.  Y... 

Norfolk,  Va 

Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. 

Omaha,  Neb 

Pensacola.  Fla 

Philadelphia,  Pa..  . 

Pittsburg,  Pa 

Portland,  Me 

Providence,  R.  I..  . 

Quincy,  111 

Raleigh,  N.  C 

Richmond.  Va .  .  .  . 
Rochester.  N.  Y. .  . 
Rock  Island,  111... 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 
Santa  Fe,  N.  M..  .  . 

Savannah,  Ga 

Shreveport,  La.  .  . 
Springfield,  111. .  .  , 
St.  Joseph.  Mo. .  . 

St.  Louis,  Mo 

St.  Paul,  Minn. 
Superior  City.  Wis 
Syracuse,  N.  Y.  .  . 

Toledo,  Ohio 

Trenton,  N.  J. .  .  . 

Utica.  N.  Y 

Washington.  D.  C. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.  . 
Wilmington,  Del.. 
Wilmington,  N.  C. 
Yankton,  S,  Dak.. 


Correc'n 
Minutes 


Central 

Central 

Eastern 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Eastern 

Central 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Central 

Central 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Central 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Central 

Pacific 

Mount'n 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Central 

Eastern 

Central 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Eastern 

Central 


IS 
13 


Add  9 
Sub.  18 
Add  J  7 
Sub.  o 
Sub. 
Sub. 
Sub. 
Sub. 
Sub. 
Add  o 
Sub.  4 
Add  s 
Add  2 
Add  24 
Sub.  1 1 
Add  I 
Add  20 
Sub.  ig 
Sub.  14 
Add  6 
Add  15 
Add  10 
Add  II 
Add  3 
Add  10 
Add  4 
Sub.  36 
Add  15 
Sub.  2 
Add  19 
Add  I 
Add  12 
Add  8 
Add  5 
Sub.  26 
Sub.  I 
Add  I 
Add  8 
Add  23 
Add  2 
Add  13 
Add  29 


12 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


CHART  or  THE  HEAVENS 


Scale  of  Magniiudes. 
•  •  •  • 

/  2  i  a 

Explanation 

If  a  bright,  uncharted  body  be  seen  near  the  "Ecliptic  Circle"  it  must  be  a  planei 
To  locate  the  planets  or  Moon,  refer  to  the  monthly  calendar  pages  in  this  Almanac,  find 
the  proper  signs  on  the  chart  in  the  "  Ecliptic  Circle  "  and  an  inspection  of  that  part  of  the 
Heavens,  comparing  with  the  Chart,  will  serve  to  identify  the  planet  and  all  surrounding 
objects.      (Large  ch.Tts  published.) 

Because  of  the  Earth's  motion  from  W,  to  E.  (opposite  to  the  direction  of  the  arrow 
in  the  chart),  the  stars  rise  4  m.  earlier  each  day  or  30  m.  per  week  or  2  hrs.  a  month.  The 
chart  shows  the  position  at  9  p.  m.  Then  if  the  position  for  any  other  hour  be  desired,  as 
for  7  p.  m..  count  back  one  month,  or  ahead  one  month  for  up.  m.,  and  so  on  for  any 
hour  of  the  night,  holding  the  month  desired  in  front  as  the  face  looks  either  to  the  North 
or  South  with  name  down. 

A  circle  described  from  the  zenith  on  the  "Zenith  Circle"  for  the  desired  Lat.  with 
a  radius  of  90  degrees  (see  graduated  meridian)  will  show  what  stars  are  above  the  horizon'. 
Thus  Capella  is  near  the  overhead  (zenith)  point  on  Lat.  40  degrees  N.,  Jan.  15th,  q  p.  m., 
as  will  be  Algenib  in  the  handle  of  the  "Big  Dipper"  at  3  a.  m.  ^  Then  from  Capella  or  Al- 
genib  all  the  surrounding  visible  groups  can  be  identified.  The  "  Po  nters"  being  5  degrees 
apart  and  always  in  sicht  may  be  used  as  a  convenient  unit  of  measure;  also  when  visible 
the  "Belt  of  Orion"  3  degrees,  or  the  sides  of  the  "Square  of  Pegasus  " 

Questions  will  always  be  cheerfully  answered  by  BERLIN  H.  WRIGHT, 

(Enclose  stamp  and  self-addressed  envelope.)  DeLand,  Fla 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


What  Uncle  Sam  is  Doing  for  the  Farmer 

Farmers  do  not  realize  what  valuable  service  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  is  willing  to  give  free  of  charge.  The  government  spends 
millions  of  dollars  annually  in  maintaining  this  department,  and  its 
sole  object  is  to  improve  agricultural  conditions.  The  results  of  its 
experiments,  the  information  it  collects,  seeds,  publications,  etc.,  are 
all  distributed  to  farmers  free  of  charge. 

This  department  is  divided  into  a  number  of  bureaus  or  divisions, 
which  have  charge  of  various  branches  of  the  work. 

The  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  has  charge  of  the  work  of  the  depart- 
ment relating  to  the  live  stock  industry — investi.gates  the  existence, 
nature,  and  prevention  of  dangerous  diseases  of  live  stock,  conducts 
investigations  in  breeding  and  feeding  of  animals,  etc. 

The  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry  studies  plant  life  in  all  its  relations 
to  agriculture.  The  forest  service  has  charge  of  all  investigations  in 
forestry,  and  gives  practical  assistance  to  tree  planters. 

The  Bureau  of  Chemistry  investigates  methods  proposed  for  the 
analysis  of  plants,  fertiuzers,  and  agricultural  products,  and  makes  such 
analyses  as  pertain  in  general  to  the  interests  of  agriculture. 

The  Bixreau  of  Soils  is  intrusted  with  the  investigation  of  surveying 
and  mapping  of  soils,  the  investigation  of  the  cause  and  prevention  of  the 
rise  of  alkali  in  soils,  and  the  drainage  of  soils. 

The  Bureau  of  Entomology  obtains  and  oisseminates  information 
regarding  injurious  insects  affecting  field  crops,  fruits,  small  fruits, 
truck  crops,  forests  and  forest  products,  stored  products,  etc. 

The  Bureau  of  Biological  Survey  studies  the  geographic  distribution 
of  animals  and  plants,  maps  the  natural  life  zones  of  the  country,  etc. 

The  Bureau  of  Statistics  collects  information  as  to  the  condition,  pro- 
duction, etc.,  of  the  principal  crops,  and  the  status  of  farm  animals; 
investigates  land  tenures,  costs  of  producing  farm  products;  country 
life  education ;  transportation  and  other  lines  of  rural  economics,  issu- 
ing bulletins  on  these  subjects. 

In  addition  to  the  above  bureaus,  there  is  a  Division  of  Accounts  and 
Disbursements,  and  Division  of  Publications,  a  Librarian,  Office  of 
Experiment  Stations,  and  Office  of  Public  Roads. 

Farmers'  Bulletins 

Below  is  a  partial  list  of  helpful  Farmers'  Bulletins  available  for 
distribution,  giving  the  title  and  number  of  pages  in  each.  Copies  will 
be  sent  free  to  any  address  in  the  United  States  on  application  to  a 
Senator,  Representative,  or  Delegate  in  Congress,  or  to  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  Applications  from  residents  in  foreign 
countries  should  be  sent  to  the  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  price  per  copy,  6  cents,  including 
postage. 


2  2.  The  Feeding  of  Farm  Animals.   Pp.32. 

24.  Hog  Cholera  and  Swine  Plague.   Pp.16 

25.  Peanuts;    Culture  and  Uses.      Pp.  24. 

27.  Flax  for  Seed  and  Fiber.      Pp.  iS. 

28.  Weeds;   And  How  to  Kill  Them.      Pp. 

^2. 
2Q.  Souring  and   Other  Changes  in  Milk. 
Pp.  23. 


30.  Grape  Diseases  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Pp.  15. 
32.  Silos  and  Silage.     Pp.32. 
2},.   Peach  Growing  for  Market.     Pp.   24. 

35.  Potato  Culture.      Pp.   24. 

36.  Cotton  Seed  and  Its  Products.  Pp.  16. 

37.  Kafir  Com :  Culture  and  Uses.    Pp.12. 
3g.  Onion  Culture.     Pp.31. 


14 


I^^JffC  ALMANAC  ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Harvesting 

n  the  Argentine  Republic 

Moon's  Phases 

Inter-Col.  T. 

Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

D 

H.      M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

J  First  Quarter 
@  Full  Moon 

f 

2      20 

I       20 

0      20 

1 1     20  7th 

10  20  7th 

M 

6    26 

5    26 

4     26 

3     26 

2  26 

§  Last  Quarter 

2  1. 

2     21 

I     21 

0     21 

II     2 1 21st 

10    2l2l!t 

©  New  Moon 

3c 

5     44 

4     44 

3     44 

2     44 

I    44 

Oi 

UNITED  STATES 

The  World's  Calendar  for 

S 

s 

"J  (. 

s 

Wheat  Harvests 

0 

o 

Sun 

Bun 

Moon 

^ 

11  n 

Sun 

Moon 

1 

3;; 

S 

Rises 
H.  M 

Sets 
H.  M. 

S.4  K 
H.     M. 

K 
H 

ses 

Sets 
H.  M. 

S.&  K. 
H.      M. 

Every  month  in  the  year 
the  world  has  a  wheat  har- 
vest somewhere. 

t 

Sun 

© 

"?^ 

7  25 

4  43 

5  27 

7 

3 

5    6 

6    7 

2 

3 
4 

M 

Tu 

W 

(© 

7  25 
7  25 

7  2=; 

4  44 
4  45 
4  46 

031 
7  39 
848 

7 

3 
4 

5    7 
5    7 
5    8 

7  0 

8  7 

9  8 

During  January  they  are 
harvesting   in  New  Zealand 

S 

rh 

© 

KK 

7  2=; 

4  47 

9  567 

4 

5    9 

10    8 

and  the  Argentine  Republic. 

6 

Fr 

© 

K2 

7  25 

448 

II     77 

4 

5  10 

II  10 

The  Argentine  is  growing 

7 

Sat 

© 

K 

7  25 

4  49 

mom 

4 

5  II 

mom 

into  a  new  agricultural  em- 

X 

Sun 

f» 

« 

7  24 

4  SO 

14 

4 

5  II 

9 

pire,  and  promises  soon  to 

Q 

M 

1 

T 

7  24 

4  51 

I  27 

4 

5  12 

1   13 

to 

lu 

^ 

'T' 

7  24 

452 

2  41 

3 

5  13 

2  18 

rank  well  up  as  a  wheat  pro- 

II 

W 

d 

b 

7  24 

4  53 

3  5« 

3 

514 

3  27 

ducer.     Its  wheat  exports  for 

12 

Ih 

!$ 

b 

7  23 

4  54 

5  ift 

3 

5  IS 

4  38 

1908      totaled      155,000,000 

t,3 

Fri 

|i 

11 

7  23 

4  55 

6  30 

3 

5  i(> 

5  47 

bushels. 

M 

Sat 

® 

11 

7  23 

4  5<> 

rises 

3 

5  17 

rises 

IS 

Sun 
M 

Oc, 

6o 

7  22 
7  22 

4  57 
4  59 

5  47 
7    1 

3 
2 

518 
5  19 

6  21 
727 

l6 

17 

lu 

^; 

7  21 

5    0 

815 

2 

5  20 

832 

Weather  Calendar 

IS 
10 

W 
Th 

i 

11V 

7  21 

7  21 

5    1 
5    2 

9  21 
10  27 

2 
I 

521 
5  21 

931 
10  28 

See  Explanation  on  page  5. 

20 

Fr 

';^0 

IH' 

7  20 

5    3 

II  31 

I 

5  22 

II  24 

I —  2.     Fair  and  Mild. 

21 

Sat 

ttf) 

\\\> 

7  IQ 

5    4 

mom 

I 

5  23 

mom 

3 —  8.     Storm  Period. 

22 

SU3 

<ii. 

^ 

7  IS 

5    5 

31 

0 

5  24 

17 

9 — 12.     Cold  Wave. 
13 — 15.     Milder,    sleet  and 

23 
24 

M 

Tu 

f 

HI 

7  17 
7  17 

5    I 
5    8 

1  35 

2  ^8 

6 

0 

SO 

525 
526 

1  13 

2  Q 

2S 

W 

(f. 

111 

7  16 

5    0 

3  41 

6 

so 

5  27 

3     6 

snow. 

26 

l"h 

c 

in 

7  16 

5  10 

4  43 

6 

58 

528 

4     3 

16 — 20.     Storm  Period. 

27 

Fr 

f 

xi 

715511 

5  42 

6 

58 

5  29 

4  59 

21 — 25.     Cold  Wave. 

2S 

Sat 

(1 

X' 

7  14 

5  13 

6  34 

6 

57 

5  30 

5  51 

26 — 29.      High     Wind     and 
severe  storm 

29 

Sun 

tj 

w 

7  13 

5  14 

7  i« 

6 

5" 

531 

0  39 

3° 

M 
Tu 

\3 

7  12 
7  12 

5  15 
5  16 

sets 
6  40 

6 
6 

5C 
s6 

5  32 
5  33 

sets 
7    2 

30 — 31.     Fair  and  Cool. 

15 


-^^^^///C  ALMANAC  g^  ENCYCLOPEDIA  „^ 


Farmers*  Bulletins  {Continued) 


Pp.    -'4. 
Pp.2 


41.  Fowb:   Care  and  Feeding. 

42.  Facts  about  Milk.      Pp.  ^:>. 

43.  Sewage  Disposal  on  the  Farm. 

44.  Commercial  Fertilizers.      Pp.  24. 
40.  Irrigation  in  Humid  Climates.      Pp.  27 

47.  Insects    Affecting    the   Cotton    Plant. 

Pp.  ,^2. 

48.  The  Manuring  of  Cotton.     Pp.  16. 

49.  Sheep  Feeding.      Pp.  24. 

sr.  Standard  Varietiesof  Chickens.  Pp.  4S. 

52.  The  Sugar  Beet.     Pp.  48. 

55.  The  Dairy  Herd.      Pp.  24. 

58.  TheSoy  Bean  as  a  Forage  Crop.  Pp.24. 

59.  Bee  Keeping.      Pp.  32. 

60  Methods  of  Curing  Tobacco.       Pp.  19. 

61.  Asparagus  Culture.      Pp.  40. 

62.  Marketing  Farm  Produce.      Pp.   2S. 
64.  Ducks  and  Geese.      Pp.  48. 

66.  Meadows  and  Pastures.      Pp.  28. 

68.  The  Black  Rot  of  the  Cabbage.   Pp.22. 

70.  Insect  Enemies  of  the  Grape.      Pp.  23. 

71.  Essentials  in  Beef  Production.   Pp.  24. 

72.  Cattle  Ranges  of  the  Southwest.      Pp. 

74.   Milk  as  Food.      Pp.  39. 

77.  The  Liming  of  Soils.      Pp.  19. 

50.  The  Peach  Twig-borer.    Pp.    16. 

81.  Com  Culture  in  the  South.      Pp.  24. 

82.  The  Culture  of  Tobacco.     Pp.  24. 

83.  Tobacco  Soils.     Pp.  23. 

86.  Thirty  Poisonous  Plants.     Pp.  32. 

87.  Experiment     Station     Work. —  VIII. 

Pp.  ,32. 

88.  Alkali  Lands.      Pp.23. 

gi.   Potato  Diseases  and  Treatment.      Pp, 
12. 

93.  Sugar  as  Food.   Pp.  27. 

96.   Raising  Sheep  for  Mutton.     Pp.  4S. 

98.  Suggestions  to  Southern  Farmers.    Pp. 
48. 

90.   Insect  Enemies  of  Shade  Trees.  Pp.  30- 
100.   Hog  Raising  in  the  South.     Pp.  40. 
loi.   Millets.      Pp.  28. 
102.  Southern  Forage  Plants.     Pp.  4S. 
104.  Notes  on  Frost.      Pp.  24. 
106.   Breeds  of  Dairy  Cittle.     Pp.  48- 

108.  Saltbushes.      Pp.  20. 

109.  Farmers'    Reading  Courses.     Pp, 

1 10.  Rice  Culture  in  the  United  States. 

28 

111.  Farmers'  Interest  in  Good  Seed. 

24. 
113.  The  Apple  and  How  to  Grow  It.      Pp. 
32. 

115.  Hop  Culture  in  California.     Pp.  27 

116.  Irrigation  in  Fruit  Growing.     Pp.  4S. 
118.  Grape  Growing  in  the  South.      Pp.  32. 

120.  Insects  Affecting  Tobacco.      Pp.  32. 

121.  Beans,    Peas,   and  other  Legumes  as 

Food.      Pp.  32. 

125.  Protection  of  Food  Products  from  In- 

jurious Temperatures.     Pp.    26. 

126.  Practical  Suggestions  for  Farm  Build- 

ings.     Pp.  48. 

127.  Important   Insecticides.      Pp.   42. 

1 28.  Eggs  and  Their  Uses    as  Foods.     Pp. 

129.  Sweet  Potatoes.      Pp.40. 

132.   Insect    Enemies   of   Growing    Wher.t. 

Pp.  10. 
:34.  Tree  Planting  in  Rural  School  Grounds. 

Pp.  3S. 
i3t;.  Sorghum  Sirup  Manufacture.      Pp.  4°- 

136.  Earth  Roads.      Pp,  24. 

137.  The  Angora  Goat.     Pp.  4S. 

138.  Irrigation  in  Field  and  Garden.    Pp.40. 


Pp. 
Pp. 


13-),   Emmer:  A  Grain  for  the  Semi-arid  Re- 
gions.     Pp.  10. 
140.   Pineapple  Growing.     Pp.  48. 
141     Poultry  Raising  on  the  Farm.      Pp,  16. 

142.  Principles  of  Nutrition  and  Nutritive 

Value  of  Food.      Pp.  48. 

143.  The  Conformation  of  Beef  and  Dairy 

Cattle.      Pp.  J4. 

145.  Carbon   Bisulphid,   as  ^n   Insecticide. 

Pp.  2S. 

146.  Insecticides  and  Fungicides.     Pp.  16. 

147.  .Winter  Forage  Crops  for  the  South. 

Pp.  3C>. 
14S.  Celery  Culture.      Pp.  32. 

150.  Clearing  New  Land.      Pp.  24. 

151.  Dairying  in  the  South.     Pp.  48. 

152.  Scabies  in  Cattle.     Pp.  24. 

153.  Orchard  Enemies  in  theT^acific  North- 

west.     Pp.  39. 

154.  The  Home  Fruit  Garden:   Preparation 

and  Care.     Pp.  20.  ^ 

155.  How  Insects  Affect    Health  in    Rur^ 

Districts.      Pp.  20. 

156.  The  Home  Vineyard.      Pp.  24.         ; 

157.  The  Propagation  of  Plants.      Pp.  24. 

158.  How  to  Build  Small  Irrigating  Ditches. 

Pp.  28. 

159.  Scab  in  Sheep.      Pp.  48. 

161.  Practical  Suggestions  for  Fruit  Grow- 
ers.    Pp.  2S. 

164.  Rape  as  a  Fora.ge  Crop.     Pp.  16. 

165.  Culture  of  the  Silkworm.      Pp.  32- 
r66.  Cheese  Making  on  the  Farm.     Pp.  16. 

167.  Cassava.      Pp.  32. 

1 68.  Pearl  Millet.      Pp.  16. 

170.    Principles  of  Horse  Feeding.     Pp.  44. 

1  72.  Scale  Insects  and  Mites  on  Citrus  Trees. 

Pp.  43. 
17?.   Primer  of  Forestry.     Pp.  48. 
174.   Broom  Com.      Pp.  32. 
1 7  J.  Cranberry  Culture.      Pp.20. 

177.  Squab  Raising.      Pp.  32. 

178.  Insects  Injurious  in  Cranberry  Culture. 

Pp.  32. 

179.  Horseshoeing.      Pp.  31. 

181.  Pmning.      Pp.  39. 

182.  Poultry  as  Food.      Pp.  40. 

183.  Meat  on  the  Farm. —  Butchering.  Cur- 

ing, etc.      Pp.  30- 

184.  Marketing  Live  Stock.      Pp.  40. 

185.  Beautifying  the  Horne  Grounds.      Pp. 

24 

1 87.  Drainage  of  Farm  L"nds.      Pp.  40. 

1 88.  Weeds  Used  in  Medicine.     Pp.  48. 
IQ2.    Barnyard  Manure.       Pp.  32. 

194.  Alfalfa  Seed.      Pp.    14. 

195.  Annual   Flowering    Plants.      Pp.  48. 
177.   Importation  of  Game  Birds  and  Eggs 

Propagation.      Pp.  30.  ' 

i-)S.   Strawberries.       Pp.   24, 
i->o.  Corn  Growing.      Pp.  32. 

2  30.  Turkeys.      Pp.  44- 

20I.  Cream  Separator  on  Western  Farms. 
Pp.  27. 

203.  Canned  Fruits.    Preserves,  and  Jellies. 

Pp.  A  2. 

204.  The  Cultivation  of  Mushrooms.   Pp.24. 

205.  Pig  Management.      Pp.  40. 

206.  Milk  Feve»-  and  Its  Treatment.   Pp.  10. 
20S.  Varieties  of  Fruits  Recommended  Tor 

Planting.      Pp.  48. 
209.  Controlling  the  Boll  Weevil  in  Cotton 

Seed  and  at  Ginneries.      Pp.32. 
211.   The  Use  of  Paris  Green  in  Controlling 

the  Cotton  BoU  Weevil.      Pp.    23. 
213.   Raspberries.      Pp.    38. 


16 


I^m  IHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA  ^j^ 


■,  I  •  _! 


fliii4p#;''^^^        -M^,  'M  ^  ^""'^S^-''. '■■■ 


EBR 


Harvesting  in  East  India 


Moon's  Phases 

^  First  Quarter 
'c|)  Ftill  Moon 
1^1    Last  Quarter 
©  New  Moon 


Inter-Col.  T. 


H. 
I  I 

6 
II 

8 


M. 


44 
31 


Eastern  T. 

II.        M. 


10     44 
7     31 


Central  T. 

M. 
27 


H. 
0 
4 
9 
6 


44 
31 


Mountain  T. 

H.       M. 
S     2; 

8     54 
5     31 


Pacific  T. 

II.  M. 
7  27 
2  37 
7  44 
4     31 


4 

•; 

6 

7 
8 

9 
10 


14 

i; 
16 

17 
is 
10 
20 
21 


24 

2.S 
27 


w 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 


UNITED  STATES 


Northern  States    Southern  States 


Siiii 
Else; 


^ 


fiun 

Sets 


Moon 

S.  &  R 


Sun 
Rise* 


748 
856 

10  7 

11  17 

morn 

20 

I  46 

3  ° 

4  13 
=;  20 

6  26 
rises 

5  50 

7  2 

8  9 

9  13 

10  18 

11  21 
mom 

26 

1  29 

2  .56 


3  y- 

4  2( 

5  i; 

5  5- 

6  2: 
sets 


Sun 
Sets 


Moon 
S.  4  K 
H.     M 


34 
35 
36 
37 
38 
38 
39 
40 

41 
42 
43 
44 

45 
46 
5  46 
5  47 
548 
5  49 
5  50 
5  51 


^o 


8  2 

9  3 

10  4 

11  6 

morn 

1  I 

2  24 

3  32 

4  37 

5  4f- 
rises 

6  12 

7  15 

8  14 

9 

10  7 

11  2 
II  59 

mom 
56 

1  54 

2  48 

3  43 

4  32 

5  16 
5  57 

sets 


The  World's  Calendar  for 
Wheat   Harvests 

During  the  latter  part  of 
February'  the  harvest  is  on  in 
East  India, Upper  Hgypt  and 
Chili. 

In  Upper  Egypt  the  camel 
is  used  as  a  draft  animal  to 
ojierate  American  harvesting 
machines.  In  Chili  the  pony 
and  oxen  draw  the  har- 
vesters. In  East  India  primi- 
tive methods  are  still  in  use — 
the  reaping  hook  has  not 
been  superseded  by  modern 
harvesting  machines,  owing 
to  the  multitudes  of  penny- 
a-dav  laborers. 


Weather   Calendar 

^ee  Explanation  on  pa^'e  S- 

—  3.     Mild,  and  snow  or 

rain. 

—  S.     General      Storm 

Period. 

—  i.V     Cold  Period. 
Milder. 

Storm   Period. 
High     Wind     and 

Colder. 
Milder  and  contin- 
ued hi.gh    wind 


-17- 
-21. 


-2S. 


NoTi;.— For  PaciKc  Coast  points  corresponding  to  the  two  zones  of  latitude  above  add 
6  minutes  to  moon's  rising  and  setting,  or  adi  2  minutes  lor  eacli  hour  of  longitude  west 
of  Washington. 

The  iulMaced  or  black  type  figures  a-e  p.  m  :  all  ethers  are  .A.  Jl. 

17 


JHC  ALMANAC  g>  EKOVLOPEDIA " 


Farmers'  Bulletins  (Continued) 


215.  Alfalfa  Growing.      Pp.  40. 

21O.  The  Control  of  the  Boll  Weevil.     Pp. 

32- 

217.  Essential  Steps  in  Securing  en  Early 
Crop  of  Cotton.     Pp.  16. 

219.  Lessons  from  the  Grain  Rust  Epidemic 

of  1904.     Pp.  24. 

220.  Tomatoes.     Pp.  ^2. 

221.  Fungous   Diseases  of   the  Cranberry. 

Pp.  16. 

223.  Miscellaneous  Cotton  Insects  in  Texas. 

Pp.  24. 

224.  Canadian  Field  Peas.     Pp.   16. 

228.  Forest    Planting  and   Farm   Manage- 

ment.     Pp.  22. 

229.  The   Production  of  Good  Seed  Corn. 

Pp.  24. 
2JO.  Game  Laws,  1905.     Pp.  $(). 

231.  Spraying    for    Cucumber    and    Melon 

Diseases.      Pp.  24. 

232.  Okra:    Its  Culture  and  Uses.     Pp.  16. 

234.  The  Guinea  Fowl.     Pp.  24. 

23^.   Preparation  of  Cement.      Pp.  32. 
23').    Incubation  and    Incubators.      Pp.    32. 

235.  Citrus     Fruit    Growing    in    the    Gulf 

States.      Pp.  49. 

230.  The  Corrosion  of  Fence  Wire.     Pp.  3  2 . 

240.  Inoculation  of  Legumes.      Pp.   8. 

241.  Butter  Making  on  the  Farm.     Pp.  32. 

242.  An  Example  on  Model  Farming.     Pp. 

ii'i. 

243.  Fungicides  and  Their  Use  in  Prevent- 

ing Diseases  of  Fruits.      Pij.   32. 
245.   Renovationof  Worn-out  Soils.    Pp.  32. 
240.  Saccharine  Sorghums  for  Forage.     Pp. 

37. 
247.  The  Control  of  the  Codling  Moth  and 

the  Apple  Scab.      Pp.  21. 
240.  Cereal  Breakfast  Foods.      Pp.  16. 
250.  The    Prevention  of  Wheat   Smut   and 

Loose  Smut  of  Oats.      Pp.  16. 

252.  Maple  Sugar  and  Sirup.     Pp.  3*^1, 

253.  The  Germinationof  Seed  Corn.  Pp.  16. 
J55.  The  Home  Vegetable  Garden.  Pp.  47. 
2<56.   Preparation    of    Vegetables    for    the 

T^ble.      Pp.  4S. 

257.  Soil  Fertility.      Pp.  39. 

258.  Texas  or  Tick  Fever  and  Its  Preven- 

tion.     Pp.  45. 

260.  Seed  of  Red  Clover  and  Its  Impurities. 

Pp.  24. 

261.  The  Cattle  Tick.      Pp.22. 

253.   Practical    Information   for   Beginners 
in  Irrigation.      Pp.  40. 

264.  The    Brown-Tail   Moth   and    How    to 

Control  It.      Pp.  22. 
2  55.  Management    of    Soils    to    Conserve 
Moisture.      Pp.  .^o. 

265.  Industrial  Alcohol:  Sources  and  Manu- 

facture.     Pp.  4.S. 

259.  Industrial  Alcohol:  Uses  and  Statistics. 

Pp.  29. 
2  70.   Modern    Conveniences   for   the   Farm 
Home.      Pp.  4S. 

271.  Forage  Crop  Practices  in  Western  Ore- 

gon and  Western  Washington.     Pp. 
30- 

272.  A  Successful  Hog  and  Seed-Corn  Farm. 

Pp.  If). 

274.  Flax  Culture.      Pp.  36. 

271.  The  Ginsy  Moth  and  How  to  Control 

It.      Pp.  22. 
277.  The  Use  of  Alcohol  and  Gasoline  in 

Farm  Engines.     Pp.  40. 

275.  Lef^uminous  Crops  for  Green  Manur- 

ing.     Pp.  .-7. 


J  7. J.   A    Metliod     uf     Eradicating    Johnson 

Grass.      Pp.   lO. 
2S0.  A  Profitable  Tenant  Dairy  Farm.   Pp. 

I  ft. 
2S2.  Celery.     Pp.  3O. 
2)y,^.  Spraying  for  Apple  Diseases  and  the 

Codling  Moth  in  the  Ozarks.     Pp. 

42. 
2.S4.   Insect  and  Fungous   Enemies  of  the 

Grape  East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Pp.  4S. 
285.  The    Advantage   of    Planting    Heavy 

Cotton  Seed.      Pp.  16. 

256.  Comparative  Value  of  W^hole  Cot'on 

Seed  and  Cotton-Seed  Meal  in  i  er- 
tilizihg  Cotton.      Pp.   14. 

257.  Poultry  Management.      Pp.  4S. 
2SS.  Nonsaccharine  Sorghums.     Pp.   2S. 
Li').   Beans.      Pp.  2S. 

2.)o.  The  Cotton  Bollworm.     Pp.  32. 

2 -J I.   Evaporation  of  Apples.     Pp.  $S. 

2-)2.  Cost  of  Filling  Silos.      Pp.  15. 

2':)3.    Use  of  Fruit  as  Food.     Pp.  3S. 

294.  Farm  Practice  in  the  Columbia  Basin 

Uplands.      Pp.  },o. 
2  0  i .   Potatoes   and   Other    Root   Crops   as 

Food.      Pp.  45. 
297-   Methods  of  Destroying?  Rats.     Pp.  8. 
20S.  The   Food   Value  of  Corn  and  Corn 

Products.     Pp.    40. 

299.  Diversified  Farming  Under  the  Plan 

tation  System.      Pp.   14. 

300.  Some    Important  Grasses   and  Forage 

Plants  for  the  Gulf  Coast  Region. 
Pp.  1=;. 
13  1.   Home-Grown  Tea.     Pp.  16. 

302.  Sea  Island  Cotton:     Its  Culture.   Im- 

provement, and  Diseases.     Pp.  48. 

303.  Corn  Harvesting  Machinery.     Pp.  32. 

304.  Growing  and  Curing  Hops.     Pp.  39. 
30O.   Dodder  in  Relation  to  Farm  Seeds. 

Pp.  27. 
307.   Roselle:  Its  Culture  and  Uses.      Pp.  iC>. 

305.  Game  Laws  for  1907.      Pji.   52, 

310.  A  Successful  Alabama  Diversification 

Farm.     Pp.  24, 
III.  Sand-Clay    and     Bumt-Clav     Roads. 

Pp.  19. 
^12.  A    Successful    Southern    Hav    Farm. 

Pp.  15. 

313.  Harvesting  and  Storing  Corn.      Pp.  20. 

314.  A  Method  of  Breeding  Early  Cotton 

to     Escape     Boll-Weevil     Damage. 
Pp.  28. 

315.  Progress  in  Legume  Inoculation.     Pp. 

20. 

318.  Cowpeas.     Pp.  28. 

319.  Demonstration   Work   in  Co-operaticn 

with  Southern  Farmers.     Pp.  22. 
<2i.  The    Use    of    the    Split-Log    Dragon 
Earth  Roads.      Pp.  14. 

322.  Milo  as  a  Dry-Land  Grain  Crop.      Pi.i, 
^  23- 

323.  Clover  Farming  on  the  Sandy  Jack- 

Pine  Lands  of  the  North.      Pii.  24. 
324..  Sweet  Potatoes.      Pp.  19. 
i2y.  Small  Farms  in  the  Corn  Belt.      Pp. 

29. 

326.  Building  up  a  Run-down  Cotton  Plan- 

tation.     Pp.  22. 

327.  The    Conservation    of    Natural     Re- 

sources.     Pp.  12. 
^28.   Silver  Fox  Farming.      Po.  22,  figs.   ro. 
330.   Deer  Farmin'^  in  the  United  States. 

Pp.  20,  figs.  2. 


I^ 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


JH 


RCW 


-^•>^.:\:'<^^';mmm 


HarvestinpT  in  Chili 


Moon's  Phases 

Inter-Col.  T. 

Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

D 

H .        M , 

H.        M. 

H.        M. 

II.        M. 

H.        M. 

5  First  Quarter 

7       I 

6       I 

5       I 

4        I 

3        I 

@  Full  Moon 

i-l 

7     58 

6     58 

5     58 

4     58 

3     58 

fj   Last  Quarter 

2: 

8    26 

7     26 

6     26 

5     26 

4     26 

(3  New  Moon 

3^ 

S      i;8 

7     38 

6     38 

5     38 

4      38 

?^ 

UNITED  STATES 

•M     _.= 

n 

The  World's  Calendar  for 

« 

i=     18 

E 

Northern  States 

Southern  States 

Wheat  Harvests 

"g 

0 

"S-M 

'a 

Sun 

Sun 

M.u.i. 

Sun 

Siiii 

Moon 

K 

'q 

'y  b 

0 
0 

Ki.t's 

Sfta 

8.  &  R, 

Rises 

SetH 

S.  4R. 

March     witnesses    a    con- 

O 

0 

35 

s 

H.   M. 

H.   M. 

il.     M. 

H.  M. 

H.    M. 

M.      M. 

tinuation     of     the    harvest 
Ijcgun    during    February    in 

I 

W 

0 

^?; 

635 

S  53 

6  43 

6   28 

5  58 

652 

2 

Th 

© 

H 

634 

5  53 

7  55 

627 

558 

7  55 

East  India, Upper  Egj^pt  and 

3 

Fr 

© 

H 

632 

5  54 

9    7 

6  26 

5  59 

858 

Chili. 

4 

Sat 

© 

T 

6  30 

5  55 

10  21 

6  25 

6    0 

10     3 

■; 

Sun 

q. 

6  2q 

5  56 

II  35 

624 

6    I 

II     8 

In     Egypt,  American  and 

6 

M 

© 

■(:< 

627 

5  57 

morn 

62^ 

6    I 

mom 

English  engineers  are  build- 

7 

Tu 

5 

"n 

6  2=; 

5  58 

53 

6  22 

6    2 

iS 

ing  a  dam  across  the  Nile  at 

8 
9 

W 
Th 

5 

n 
n 

6  24 
6  22 

5  59 

6  0 

2  6 

3  14 

6  21 
6  20 

6    3 

1  25 

2  30 

Philae  which  will  control  the 

lO 

Fr 

?> 

n 

6  20 

6    I 

4   II 

6  10 

6    4 

'i   2  ( ; 

annual    Nile   flood,   inaking 

1 1 

Sat 

D 

Or, 

6  1 9 

6    2 

4  SO 

6  17 

6    5 

4  22 

Egypt  like  our  own  Western 

12 

Sun 

^ 

6r, 

6  17 

6    3 

=;  36 

6  16 

6    6 

5     6 

irrigated  lands. 

13 

M 

^ 

D 

6  16 

6    4 

^     7 

6  14 

6    6 

5  45 

14 

Tu 
W 

'J) 

111' 

6  14 
6  12 

6    5 
6    6 

rises 
653 

6  I', 
6  II 

0    7 
6    8 

rises 
658 

15 

16 

17 

Th 
Fr 

(a) 

11V 

SI. 

6  II 

6     9 

6    8 
6    9 

8  2 

9  6 

6  10 
6     9 

6    9 
6    9 

7  54 
850 

Weather  Calendar 

18 

Sat 

'i) 

-fX 

6     7 

6  10 

10  10 

6     8 

0  10 

9  47 

See  KxpUination  on  pa^re  s. 

19 

Sun 

M 

'J 

J3. 

6     ( 

6  II 
6  12 

II  16 

6     6 

6  II 

10  45 

I —  4.     Storm  Period. 

20 

j) 

6     4 

mom 

6     s 

6  II 

II  41 

21 

Tu 

>iJ 

111 

6     2 

6  13 

iS 

6     '^ 

6  12 

mom 

5 — 10.     Cold  Wave. 

2  2 

W 

r 

^ 

6     I 

6  14 

I   10 

6     2 

613 

3S 

II  — 13.      Milder. 

2o 

Th 

<i 

^ 

S  59 

615 

2  16 

6     I 

6  14 

I  3- 

14 — 17.      Storm  Period. 
1 8 — 2 1 .      Warmer,    ^^■  i  t  h 
local  showers. 

24 
25 

Fr 
Sat 

$ 

558 
5  56 

6  16 
6  17 

3     6 
3  48 

5  59 
5  58 

6  14 
6  15 

2  24 

3  9 

26 

Sun 

f 

\5 

5  54 

6  18 

4  25 

5  57 

6  16 

3  52 

27 

M 

c 

::k 

5  52 

6  19 

4  54 

5  56 

6  16 

4  29 

22 — 27.     General     Storm 

28 

Tu 

(:' 

Kr. 

5  5' 

6  20 

5  19 

5  55 

6  17 

5    - 

Period, 

29 

W 

(:' 

K 

S  49 

6  21 

5  42 

5  54 

6  18 

5  34 

28 — ^i.      High     V/ind     and 

30 

Th 

© 

K 

5  47 

6  22 

sets 

5  5- 

6  18 

sets 

21 

Fr 

© 

ir 

=;  4^ 

623 

8    3 

^    io 

6  iq 

748 

Cold. 

19 


JHC  ALMANAC  'S>  ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 


Farmers'  Bulletins  (Continued) 


331- 

332- 

335- 

337- 

338. 
339- 
343- 


346- 

347- 

340- 

35°. 
351. 

354- 
3  55- 

356. 
357. 


Forage  Crops  for  Hogs  in  Kansas  and 

Oklahoma.     Pp.  24. 
Nuts  and  Their  Uses  as  Food.     Pp. 

28.  figs.   I. 
Harmful  and  Beneficial  Mammals  of 

the  Arid  Interior.     Pp.  31.  figs.  q. 
Cropping    System   for    New    England 

Dairy  Farms.     Pp.  24,  figs.  2. 
Macadam  Roads.      Pp.  3g,  figs.   10. 
Alfalfa.     Pp.   48,  figs.    14. 
The  Cultivation  of  Tobacco  in  Ken- 
tucky    and     Tennessee.     Pi'.      2S. 

figs.  13. 
The  Boll-Weevil  Problem  with  Special 

Reference    to    Means    of    Reducing 

Damage.     Pp.  46,  figs.  o. 
The  Computation  of  Rations  for  Farm 

Animals   by    the     Use    of     Energy 

Values.     Pp.  32. 
The  Repair  of  Farm  Equipment.      Pp. 

3*,  figs.  23. 
The  Dairy  Industry  in  the  South.      Pp. 

37.  figs.  10. 
Dehorning  Cattle  Pp.  14.  figs.  6. 
The    Tuberculin    Test    of    Cattle    for 

Tuberculosis.      Pp.  S. 
Onion  Culture.     Pp.  36,  figs.  20. 
A  Successful  Poultry  and  Dairy  Farm. 

Pp.  40.  figs.  7. 
Peanuts.      Pp.  40,  figs.  20. 
Methods  of   Poultry   Management   at 

the  Maine  Agricultural  Experiment 

Station.     Pp.  30.  figs.  10. 


,^1.^.  A  Primer  of  Forestry.  Part  II:  Prac- 
tical Forestry.  Pp.  4S.  figs.  25. 
(See  also  Bulletin  276  in  the  list 
under  Experiment  Station  Work. 
P.  20.) 

.s?o.  Canning  Vegetables  in  the  Home.  Pp. 
1 6.  figs.  9. 

:J>2.  Conditions  Affecting  the  Value  of  Mar- 
ket Hay.      Pp.  21),  figs.  7. 

,1,;.  The  Use  of  Milk  as  Food.  Pp.  44. 
charts  4. 

v>4.  A  Profitable  Cotton  Farm.  Pi>.  2.1. 
fi^s.  12. 

365.   Potato  Growing  in  Northern  Sections. 

Pp.    31,   figs.    II. 

367.  Lightning  and  Lightning  Conductors. 

Pp.  20.  figs.  3. 
3f)(j.  How  to  Destroy  Rats.     Pp.  20,  figs. 

5- 
370.   Replanning  a  Farm  for  Profit.    Pp.36. 
.S7I.  Drainage  of  Irrigated  Lands.     Pp.  52. 

figs.  ig. 
,472.  Soy  Beans.     Pp.  26,  figs.  6. 
37.5.   Irrigation  of  Alfalfa.     Pp.  4S.  figs.  32. 
375.  Care  of  Food  in  the  Home.     Pp.  46. 

figs.  2. 

377.  Harmfulness  of   Headache   Mixtures. 

Pp.  16. 

378.  Method  of  Exterminating  the  Texas 

Fever  Tick.     Pp.  30. 
3.S5.  Boys'   and  Girls'   Agricuitur:-1  Clubs, 

Pp.   23,  figs.   I  I. 
380.  Bread  and   Bread   Making.     Pp.   40. 

lig«.  7 


Rates  of  Postage  and  Money  Orders 

Domestic 

First-Class  Matter  (Letters,  and  all  Sealed  Matter) 2c  an  oz. 

Second-Class   (Newspapers  and   Periodicals)    ic.   for  4  oz. 

Third-Class  (Books.  Circulars)    ic  for  2  oz. 

Fourth-Class   (Merchandise)      ic.   an  oz. 

Registration  Fee  (additional  postage) loc. 

Immediate  Delivery  Stamp  (additional  to  regular  postage) loc. 

Money  Order   ($1   to  $100) 3=  to  30c. 

(See  below  for  Explanations  and  Exceptions.) 

First-Class  Matter. — Letters  and  all  other  written  matter  (whether 
sealed  or  not),  excepting  manuscript  copy  accompanying  proof  sheets; 
also  all  matter  sealed  (see  below),  2  cents  an  ounce  or  fraction  thereof, 
excepting  drop  letters  at  Non-Carrier  oSces,  i  cent  an  ounce.  Postal 
cards,  i  cent  each.     Limit  of  weight.  4  pounds. 

Second-Class. — Newspapers  and  periodicals,  published  quarterly 
aid  oftener,  and  not  for  gratuitous  distribution.  The  general  public 
pay  by  affixing  stamps  at  the  rate  of  i  cent  for  each  4  ounces  or  part 
thereof,  when  not  sealed. 

Third-Class. — Books  (printed,  not  blank),  circulars,  other  printed 
matter,  proof  sheets  and  manuscript  copy  accompanying  same,  valen- 
tines, sheet-music,  photographs,  heliotypes,  chromos,  posters,  litho- 
graphs and  printed  advertising  matter  in  general — all,  when  not  sealed, 
I  cent  for  2  ounces  or  fraction.      Limit  of  weight,  4  pounds. 


IHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


Harvesting  in  Mexico 


Moon's  Phases 

Inter-CoI.T. 

Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

D 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

H.        M. 

5   First  Quarter 

f 

I      5  5 

°     55 

1 1     5s5tli 

10    S5.51I1 

9    SS5tli 

j)  Full  Moon 

I  ^ 

10      ",6 

9     36 

8     36 

7     36 

6    36 

'1   Last  Quarter 

21 

2     35 

I     35 

0     35 

II     35 

10    ^^ 

©  New  Moon 

2.^ 

6    25 

5     25 

4     25 

3     25 

2    25 

, 

UNITED  STATES 

The  World's  Calendar  for 
Wheat  Harvests 

c 

1| 

Pm 

Northern  States 

Southern  States 

0 

Sun 

Sun 

Moon 

Sun 

Sun 

Moon 

>1 

i 

Ti  '~ 

c 
0 

Rises 

Sets 

S.  &R. 

Rises 

Sets 

S.  &K. 

April  is  the  harvest  month 

Q 

R 

JS 

s 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.      M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.      M. 

in  Lower  Egypt,  Asia  Minor 
and  Mexico. 

I 

Sat 

:v) 

'T 

T  44 

624 

Q  21 

5  47 

621 

857 

2 

Sun 

-^ 

'T 

5  42 

6  26 

10  38 

5  45 

621 

10    6 

In  Mexico  the  harvest  is 

3 

M 

^ 

>< 

5  41 

6  27 

II  54 

5  44 

6  22 

II  15 

carried  on  almost  as  it  is  in 

Tu 

'-) 

ri 

S  39 

6  28 

mom 

5  43 

6  2-( 

mom 

s 

W 

'V^ 

n 

5  37 

6  29 

I     7 

5  41 

6  24 

23 

this   country,    except     that 

6 

Th 

J) 

n 

=;  36 

6  30 

2     g 

5  40 

625 

I  26 

oxen  are  frequently  used   in 

7 

Fr 

00 

^  34 

O31 

2  .;q 

5  39 

6  26 

2  20 

place  of  horses.    The  farms 

s 

9 

10 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

5 
^ 

00 

5  33 
5  31 

632 
633 
6  34 

3  39 

4  10 
4   .6 

5  3« 
536 
5  35 

626 
6  27 
6  28 

3     7 

3  46 

4  20 

are  huge  plantations  owned 
by  rich  Spaniards,  while  the 

II 

Tu 

?) 

11V 

q    28 

635 

4  58 

5  34 

6  29 

4  5° 

work    is  done  by  peons,  or 

12 

W 

-5 

111' 

5  26 

636 

5  19 

5  33 

6  29 

5  19 

natives,    half    Spanish    and 

13 

Ih 

.0 

III' 

5-5 

037 

rises 

5  31 

b  30 

rises 

14 

Fr 

>) 

AA 

=;  ^4 

638 

7  5« 

5  30 

031 

7  37 

15 
t6 

Sat 
Sun 

1) 

11T 

5  22 
5  -° 

<>  39 

6  40 

9     2 
10    7 

5  20 
5  28 

031 

6    ^2 

«34 
9  32 

17 

M 

i) 

111 

=;  iQ 

6  41 

:i  10 

527 

633 

10  30 

Weather  Calendar 

18 

lu 

^) 

111 

^  17 

6  42 

mom 

5  25 

t)33 

:i  24 

See  E.\planation  on  page  5. 

TO 

W 

^) 

=;  lb 

6  43 

7 

5  24 

t>  34 

mom 

20 

Th 

■4) 

7?' 

=;  14 

644 

50 

5  2;, 

635 

16 

I —  4.     Fair  and  Mild. 

21 

Fr 

it 

\j 

5  13 

(>  45 

I  45 

5  22 

636 

I     4 

q —  9.     Storm  Period. 

22 

Sat 

1 

\i 

5  II 

646 

2  22 

5  21 

636 

I  46 

II — 13.     Clear  frosts. 
14 — 16.     Cloudy  and 
warmer. 

23 
24 

2=; 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

'i 
1 

5  1° 
5     8 

=;   7 

647 
648 

640 

2  53 

3  20 

3  43 

5  20 
5  19 
5  18 

037 
638 
6  39 

2  24 

2  50 

3  3° 

2fi 

W 

1 

ir 

S     6 

6  so 

4     6 

5   17 

t  39 

4     2 

17 — 20.     General     Storm 

27 

Th 

1' 

¥. 

=;  4 

651 

4  3° 

5   16 

6  40 

4  35 

Period. 

28 

Fr 

(fl 

'1 

=;   3 

652 

4  54 

5   15 

6  40 

5     9 

21 — 2^.      Local  Showers. 

2C) 

Sat 

m 

"i 

S     2 

053 

sets 

5   14 

6  41 

^cts 

26 — 28.      High  Wind. 

30 

Sun 

w 

VJ 

5   ° 

655 

9  34 

5  13 

6  41 

857 

29 — 30.     Storm  Period. 

JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


Rates  of  Postage  and  Money  Orders  {Continued) 

Fourth  Class. — Merchandise  and  samples;  blank  books  and  paper; 
iires;  all  matter  not  included  in  any  of  the  Other  classes  and  not  in  its 
nature  perishable  or  liable  to  injure  the  contents  of  the  mails.  (  By 
express  ruling  the  postage  on  seeds,  cuttings,  roots,  scions,  and  plants 
is  at  the  rate  of  i  cent  for  each  two  ounces.) — all,  when  not  sealed  and 
not  exceeding  4  pounds  in  weight,  i  cent  an  ounce  or  fraction  thereof. 

Sealing. — Any  matter  is  regarded  as  sealed  when  it  is  not  so  wrapped 
a-;  to  allow  of  a  thorough  examination  withovit  in  any  way  injuring  tiie 
wrapping. 

Registration. — All  classes  of  mail  matter  may  be  registered  in  any 
Post-office  by  affixing  10  cents  in  stamps  in  addition  to  the  regular 
postage. 

Foreign 

Registration. — Ten  cents  additional  to  ordinary'  postage  on  all  articles 
to  foreign  countries. 

On  Letters. — Five  cents  for  each  ounce  or  fraction  thereof  and  y, 
I  ents  for  each  additional  ounce.  Double  rates  are  collected  on  delivery 
of  unpaid  or  short-paid  letters.  Letters  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
Shanghai,  China,  and  Germany,  2  cents  an  ounce  or  fraction. 

Post  Cards. — Single,  2  cents  each;    with  paid  reply,  4  cents  each. 

"Private  Mailing  Cards"  (Post  Cards). — Two  cents  each,  subject 
to  conditions  governing  domestic  post  cards. 

On  newspapers,  books,  pamphlets,  photographs,  sheet-music,  maps, 
engravings,  and  similar  printed  matter,  i  cent  each  two  ounces  or  fraction 
thereof.     Prepayment  required  at  least  in  part. 

Postage  to  Canada  and  Mexico. — The  general  nde  is  that  articles 
admitted  to  the  domestic  mails  of  either  country  are  admitted  at  the 
same  postage  rates  and  under  the  same  conditions  to  the  mails  exchanged 
between  the  two  countries ;  but  this  rule  is  subject  to  important  excep- 
tions, not  particularizable  in  brief,  and  it  is  best  to  consult  the  postmaster 
before  entrusting  merchandise  or  any  unusual  matter  to  the  international 
mails. 

Limits  of  Size  and  Weights. — Packages  of  samples  of  merchandise 
to  foreign  countries  must  not  exceed  twelve  ounces,  nor  measure  more 
than  twelve  inches  in  length,  eight  inches  in  breadth,  and  four  in  depth, 
and  packages  of  printed  matter  must  not  exceed  four  pounds  six  ounces. 


Money  Order  Rates 

Sums  not  exceeding  S2.50 3c 

Over  $   2.50  and  not  exceeding  $     5.00 5c 

Over  $   5.00  and  not  exceeding  $   10.00 8c 

Over  Sio.oo  and  not  exceeding  $  20.00 loc 

Over  $20.00  and  not  exceeding  $  30.00 '.  .  .12c, 

Over  $30.00  and  not  exceeding  S  40.00 15c 

Over  $40.00  and  not  exceeding  $   50.00 i8c 

Over  $50.00  and  not  exceeding  $  60.00 20c 

Over  $60.00  and  not  exceeding  $   75.00 25c 

Over  $75.00  and  not  exceeding  $100.00 30c 

22 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  EKCYCLOPEDIA . 


Harvesting  in  Algiers 


Moon's  Phases 

5  First  Quarter 

i)  I*ull  Moon 

?  Last  Quarter 

^^  New  Moon 


!nter- 

Col.T. 

11. 

M. 

0 

i;, 

2 

9 

5 

-.1 

2 

^4 

Eastern  T.  | 

II. 

.\l. 

S 

I  ^ 

4 

,5 

I 

^1 

Central  T. 

II .        M . 


24 


Mountain  T. 

II.        M. 

6      I  -, 
1 1        9  I'Jtlj 

II     24  2itli 


Pacil'ic  T. 

;i.   M. 


J 


10     glitli 
10  24"27tli 


I) 
10 
1 1 

13 

13 

14 
1.1 
16 

17 
18 

10 
20 


28 
29 


M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 


UNITED  STATES 


Northern  States 


Risvs 

n.  M. 


Sun 
Set.s 


Mnon 
S.  &K, 


10  39 
12    o 

mom 
56 

1  41 

2  14 

2  41 

3  4 
3  24 
3  43 


24 


rises 

859 
10    o 

10  55 

11  42 
morn 


1  44 

2  7 
2  28 

2  53 
19 
51 


3 
3 

set^ 
9  40 

ID  44 
II   36 


Southern  States 


Sets 
H.  M 


M.v„, 
S.  &1! 


10  10 

11  17 
morn 


47 


49 


4  I' 
446 
rises 

8  21 

9  18 

10  II 

11  c 

II  43 

mom 
2  I 

5£ 
I  2S 

1  59 

2  29 

3  3 

3  38 

4  20 
s^ts 

857 
10     2 

10  so 


The  World'j  Calendar  for 
Wheat  Harvests 

May  is  the  harvest  season 
in  Algiers,  Central  /.r.ia, 
China,  Japan  and  Texas. 

Rice  is  the  principal  ;=;rain 
crop  in  Japan  and  China 
although  in  Manchuria  con- 
siderable grain  is  grown. 

In  Algiers  both  thepriira- 
tive  and  modem  methods  of 
harvesting  are  often  found 
in  the  same  field. 

Texas  is  the  first  state  in 
this  country  to  begin  the 
wheat  har\'est. 


Weather  C:ilendar 

^ce  C\;)l;iiiation  on  pa^e  5. 

I —  3.  I'torm  Period. 

4 —  8.  Showery  and  Fair. 

9 — 13.  Storm  Period. 

14 — 17.  Pleasant  Period. 

iS — 21.  Western  Storms. 

22 — 25.  Eastern  Storms. 

26 — 29.  High  V/inds,  espe- 
cially in  theO.  E. 

30 — 3T.      Fair  and  Cool. 


.  JHC  ALMANAC  '& ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
Transmitting  Money  through  the  Banks 

As  a  means  o£  sending  money  to  distant  points,  bank  drafts  are  safe, 
convenient,  and  economical. 

Bank  drafts  are  absolutely  safe.  If  lost  in  the  mail,  the  bank  will 
issue  a  duplicate  at  no  additional  expense;  if  paid  to  the  wrong  party, 
the  bank  so  paying  is  responsible  for  the  amount. 

It  is  convenient  to  use  this  form  of  transmitting  money.  Simply  go  to 
the  bank,  tell  the  amount  for  which  j^ou  wi.sh  the  draft  written,  and  name 
of  the  person  or  firm  to  whom  it  is  to  be  sent.  It  is  not  necessary  to 
register  a  draft  in  sending  it  through  the  mails,  as  it  cannot  be  cashed 
by  any  one  except  the  person  to  whom  issued. 

Bank  drafts  are  the  cheapest  method  of  sending  money,  except  of 
course  paying  by  check.  Drafts  up  to  S20.00  cost  5  cents,  and  for  larger 
amounts  the  rate  is  in  proportion. 

First  Aid  to  the  Injured 

Burns  and  Scalds. — Cover  with  cooking  soda  and  lay  wet  cloths 
over  the  injured  part.  Household  ammonia  applied  immediately  is 
excellent.  Other  remedies  are:  white  of  egg  and  olive  oil.  Olive  oil 
or  linseed  oil,  plain  or  mixed  with  chalk  and  whiting.  Sweet  or  olive 
oil  and  lime  water. 

Lightning. — Dash  water  over  the  person  struck. 

Sunstroke. — Loosen  clothing.  Get  patient  into  the  shade  and  apply 
ice-cold  water  to  head.      Keep  head  in  elevated  position. 

Stings  of  Insects. — Apply  weak  ammonia,  oil,  salt  water,  iodine. 

Mad  Dog  or  Snake  Bite. — Tie  a  cord  tightly  above  wound.  Suck 
the  wound  and  cauterize  with  caustic  or  white-hot  iron  immediately, 
or  cut  out  adjoining  parts  with  a  sharp  knife.  Give  stimulants — whiskey 
or  brandy  being  the  most  effective. 

Fainting. — Place  flat  on  back.  Allow  fresh  air  to  circulate,  and 
sprinkle  with  water.      Place  head  lower  than  re.st  of  body. 

Cinders  in  the  Eye. — Rub  the  other  eye.  Roll  soft  paper  up  like 
a  lamp-lighter  and  wet  the  tip  to  remove,  or  use  a  medicine  dropper 
to  draw  it  out. 

Fire  in  One's  Clothing. — Don't  run — especially  not  downstairs  or 
out-of-doors.  Roll  on  a  carpet,  or  wrap  in  a  woolen  rug  or  blanket. 
Keep  the  head  down,  so  as  not  to  inhale  flame. 

Dro'wning. — i.  Loosen  the  clothing,  if  any.  2.  Empty  the  lungs 
of  water  by  laying  the  patient  on  his  stomach,  and  lifting  him  by  the 
middle,  so  that  the  head  hangs  down.  Jerk  the  body  a  few  times.  3. 
Pull  tongue  forward,  using  handkerchief,  or  pin  with  string,  if  neces- 
sary. 4.  Imitate  respiration  by  alternately  compressing  and  expand- 
ing the  lower  ribs  about  twenty  times  a  minute.  Alternately  raising 
and  lowering  the  arms  from  the  sides  up  above  the  head,  gently  but 
persistently,  will  stimulate  the  action  of  the  lungs.  5.  Apply  warmth 
and  friction  to  extremities.  6.  By  holding  tongue  foreward,  closing  the 
nostrils,  and  pressing  the  "Adam's  apple"  back  (so  as  to  close  entrance 
to  stomach)  direct  inflation  may  be  tried.  Take  a  deep  breath  and 
breathe  it  forcibly  into  the  mouth  of  patient,  compressing  the  chest 
to  expel  the  air.  Repeat  this  operation.  7.  Don't  give  up!  People 
have  been  saved  after  hours  of  patient,  active  effort.  8.  When  breath- 
ing begins,  get  patient  into  a  warm  bed,  give  warm  drinks,  or  spirits  by 
teaspoonfuls.      Let  there  be  plenty  of  fresh  air  and  quiet. 

Suffocation  from  Inhaling  Illuminating  Gas. — Get  into  the  fresh 
air  right  away  and  lie  down.  Keep  warm.  Take  ammonia — 20  drops 
to  a  tumbler  of  wate*-,  at  frequent  intervals.  Also,  2  to  4  drops  tinc- 
ture of  nux  vomica  every  hour  or  two  for  five  or  six  hours. 

24 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


a 


^^:^r-r:r:: — 


Harvesting  in  California 


Moon's  Pliases 


^  First  Quarter 
eg)  Full  Moon 
Q;   Last  Quarter 
©  New  Moon 


3 
4 
5 
6 

'   7 
8 

9 

ID 
II 
12 
13 

14 
IS 

16 

17 
18 

19 

20 

21 
22 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 


Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 


II. 


Inter-Col.  T 

-M. 

4 
50 
01 

11) 


Eastern  T. 

H.        51. 


5 
4 
3 

S 


4 
50 
51 

19 


Central  T. 

H.        .M. 


Mountain  T, 

H.        .M. 


4 
3 
2 

7 


4 
50 
51 

19 


4 
50 
51 

19 


UNITED  STATES 


Northern  States    Southern  States 


Sun 
Rises 
H.  M 


4  31 
4  30 

4   3° 

4  30 
4  2g 
9 
29 
2q 
28 
28 
28 
2S 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
28 
4  29 
4  29 
4  29 
4  29 
4  29 
4  3° 
4  3° 
4  30 
4  29 
4  29 
4  29 


Sun 
Sets 


24 

25 
26 
26 

27 
28 

7  28 
7  29 
7  30 
7  30 
731 
7  31 
732 
7  32 
732 
7  33 
7  33 
7  33 
7  34 
7  34 
7  34 
7  34 
7  35 
7  35 
7  35 
7  351 
7  35 
7  35 
7  35 
7  35 


Moon 
S.  &  R 


44 

I     9 

1  3° 

1  51 

2  10 
2    30 

2  53 

3  21 
rises 
848 
9  40 

ID  22 

10  56 

11  26 
II    48 

morn 
1 1 


Sun 
Rises 


32 

53 

1 17 
1 45 

2  "^  I 

3  8 
sets 
9  23 

10  8 

ID  42 

11  II 


Sun 
Seta 
ft.  M. 


Moon 
S.  &  R 


II   46 

mom 

23 

56 

I  26 


I  .';4 

221 

2  49 

3  20 

3  S4 

rises 

8    5 

«57 

9  42 

10  22 

1059 

II  29 

12    0 

mom 

29 

59 

I  32 

2     9 

2  54 

3  4« 

sets 

843 

9  35 

10  18 

10  55 

Pacific  T. 


n. 
2 
I 
o 

5 


.M. 

4 
50 
51 

19 


The  World's  Calendar  for 
Wheat  Harvests 

In  June  the  harvest  begins 
in  Turkey,  Spain,  Southern 
France,  California,  Tennes- 
see, Vireinia,  Kentucky, 
Kansas,  Utah  and  Missouri. 

The  modem  self-binder  is 
found  throughout  France, 
though  the  machines,  as  a 
rule,  are  operated  with  oxen. 

The  same  is  true  of  har- 
vesting in  Spain.  All  of  these 
European  countries  but  Eng- 
land have  a  duty  on  incom- 
ing grain,  which  makes  the 
cost  of  flour  higher  than  it 
would  be  if  they  could  buy 
American  products  at 
American  prices. 


Weather   Calendar 

See  Explanation  on  page  5. 

—  4.  Severe  Storm 
Period, 

Local  Showers. 

Very  Warin. 

Severe  Storms. 

Cooler. 

Hot  Wave. 

Storm  Period :  Fu- 
rious Winds  in 
S.  E. 

Milder  and  Fair. 


5—  8- 
9— II. 

12—15. 

16 — 19. 

20 — 23. 
24 — 27. 


28 — 30. 


25 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA . 


Antidotes  for  Poison 

First. — Send  for  a  physician. 

Second. — Induce  vomiting  by  tickling  throat  with  feather  or  finger; 
drinking  hot  water  or  strong  mustard  and  water;  swallow  sweet-oil  or 
whites  of  eggs. 

Acids  are  antidotes  for  alkalies  and  vice  versa. 

For  Poisoning  from  Opium,  Laudanum,  and  Morphine. — An  emetic 
should  be  followed  by  strong  coffee  or  the  white  of  an  egg.  Keep  the 
patient  walking  for  two  or  three  hours. 

For  Poisoning  from  Arsenic,  Corrosive  Sublimate,  Verdigris, 
Blue  Vitriol,  and  Vegetables  Kept  in  Copper  Kettles. — Give  an  emetic 
and  the  white  of  an  egg.  swcct-oil  and  mill<. 

For  Sugar  of  Lead  Poisoning. — Give  an  emetic  and  Epsom  salts. 

For  Poisoning  from  Hemlock,  Aconite,  Belladonna,  and  Fox- 
Glove. — After  emetic  give  tannin  and  stimulants. 

Strychnine. — First  give  an  emetic,  and  then  large  dose  of  bromide 
of  sodium  (60  grains  in  solution).  Repeat  ever\'  hour  until  three  or 
four  doses  have  been  taken. 

Toadstool  Poisoning. — Give  emetics  promptly,  then  castor  oil  and 
stimulants.     Apply  heat. 

Poison  Ivy  or  Oak. — There  are  three  generally  effective  remedies  for 
poison  ivy  or  mercury.  One  is  to  apply  hot  water  to  the  poisoned  sur- 
face. Another  is  peroxide  of  hydrogen.  The  third  is  to  apply  a  solution 
of  sugar  of  lead,  about  40  grains  to  a  poimd  of  water.  Two  other  rem- 
edies tliat  are  more  or  less  e.'I'ective  are  leaking  soda  and  d::y  starch. 

Building  Suggestions  for  the  Farmer 

By  J.  E.  Wing 

The  Grouping  of  Farm  Buildings 

There  was  a  time  not  long  ago  when  men  took  land,  new,  raw,  ana 
sought  to  make  a  living  thereon.  These  men  had  little  capital ;  stern  econ- 
omy made  them  "get  along"  as  best  they  could.  They  built  cheaply,  their 
buildings  placed  as  they  happened.  There  was  little  or  no  regard  for  per- 
manence, convenience,  or,  least  of  all,  for  beauty  of  form  or  arrangement. 

Let  us  outgrow  that.  "Farmin'"  has  become  Agriculture.  There 
is  now  no  doubt  as  to  whether  it  pays  or  not.  Agriculture  is  very  profit- 
able now.     Usually,  farms  pay  best  that  have  on  them  best  buildings. 

Let  us  now  take  a  piece  of  land  clear  of  buildings  and  consider  how  we 
would  arrange  it  so  as  to  be  most  convenient,  sanitary,  and  beautiful. 
Some  of  us  can  begin  new;  some  of  us  can  rearrange  old  buildings. 

The  farmhouse  should  be  well  back  from  the  highway.  It  should 
never  be  closer  than  100  feet  and  it  is  best  if  it  can  be  back  400  feet. 
Put  it,  if  you  can,  on  a  little  elevation  overlooking  the  suriyjunding  region. 
Usually  1  would  not  put  the  house  away  from  the  highway.  There  are 
large  farms  where  it  is  well  to  ,gct  in  the  center  but  there  is  human  interest 
in  seeing  the  highway.  Further,  if  you  achieve  aught  in  your  planting 
and  building  you  should  share  it  with  passers-by.  There  is  true  mis- 
sionary work  in  doing  that,  and  pleasure  as  well.  We  will  not  do  things 
very  well  unless  we  feel  that  others  see  what  we  do. 

The  ideal  farmer's  home  setting  and  lawn  is  to  put  the  house  in  the 
midst  of  a  little  meadow  of  two  to  ten  acres.  This  can  be  kept  mown  witli 
the  horse  mower  and  will  be  a  source  of  profit  as  well  as  beauty.  It  may 
be  in  timothy.  Kentucky  blue  grass,  or  almost  any  sort  of  grass.  It  may 
be  sown  to  alfalfa,  except  the  parts  near  the  house,  which  should  be  se., 
[Continued  on  page  ;C] 

26 


i^^//rC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEBTA  mfiMfj^ 


JUL.ir^ 


_-^ 


Harvesting  in  France 


Moon's  Phases 

^   First  Quarter 
i^  Full  Moon 
C   Last  Quarter 
@  New  Moon 


Inter-Col.  T. 


H. 

5 
S 


M. 

20 

53 
^^  I 
12 


4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 
10 
1 1 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 
18 

19 
20 
2  I 
22 

23 
24 

25 
26 

27 
28 

2Q 
30 
31 


Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sub 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 


Eastern  T. 

H .        M . 
4       20 

7  53 
o  31 
3     12 


Central  T. 

n.  M. 
^  20 
6     53 


3il8tli 
12 


UNITED  STATES 


Northern  States    Southern  States 


Risea 

H.  M, 


Sun 
Sets 


.■1.5 

54  7 

5  5 17 


Moon 
S.  &  B. 


H. 


M 


II  35 

II  54 
mom 
I 

35 
4 
I  2, 

1  5: 

2  3- 

3  20 
rises 

858 
9  27 

9  53 
10  15 
10  35 

10  57 

11  19 

II  45 

mom 

16 

56 

1  46 

2  53 
sets 
838 
9  9 
9  34 
9  57 

10  17 
1038 


Sun 
Rises 


5  14 


Sun 
Sets 


Moon 
S.&  H 


H. 


M, 


7 
7 
6 
6 
5 
4 
4 
3 
3 
2 
I 
o 
6  59 
6  59 


II  27 

II  55 

morn 

24 

52 

III 

1  55 

2  31 

3  14 

4  3 
rises 

8  22 

8  58 

9  32 
10 

10  30 

11  o 

II  31 

mom 

6 

45 


Mountain  T. 


n. 

2 

5 
10 

I 


M. 
20 

53 

3il8tli 

12 


Pacific  T. 


M. 


3iI8tli 
12 


•■    JO 

2  28 

3  36 
sets 

8  9 
849 

9  23 
9  55 

10  23 
10  52I 


The  World's  Calendar  for 
Wheat  Harvests 

July  is  the  harvest  season 
in  Roumania,  Austro-Hung- 
ary.  Southern  Russia,  Ger- 
many, Switzerland,  France, 
Southern  England,  Oregon, 
Nebraska,  Southern  Minne- 
sota, Wisconsin,  Colorado, 
Washington,  Iowa,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Michigan,  Ohio, 
New  York,  New  England  and 
Eastern  Canada. 

In  Southern  Russia  camels 
and  the  small  Russian  ponies 
are  used  as  draft  animals, 
while  in  Roumania,  France 
and  Austro  -  Hungary  oxen 
are  largely  used. 

Next  to  America,  Russia 
is  the  biggest  exporter  of 
wheat.  The  Russians  them- 
selves prefer  bread  and  cakes 
made  of  rve  flour. 


Weather  Calendar 

See  Explanation  on  pa^u  ;. 

1—3.     Fair. 

4 —   "■      Local  Showers. 

8 — II.      Storm  Period. 
12 — 1 6.     Fine  Weather. 
17 — 21.     Storm  Period. 
22 — 25.     High  Winds. 
20 — 28.     Fair. 
2Q — 31.     Storm  Period. 


27 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


[Continued  from  page  26] 
in  blue  grass.  Trees  may  be  planted  in  this  meadow.  They  should  not 
be  irregularly  scattered  over  it  but  should  be  planted  with  a  definite 
plan,  leaving  a  wide,  open,  unbroken  expanse,  with  trees  in  clumps  or 
fringes  at  the  borders.  The  ideal  lawn  is  a  lake  of  grass  with  shores 
of  trees  and  shrubs.  This  is  both  most  beautiful  and  most  economical, 
since  there  is  no  loss  of  the  meadow  I'and. 

The  drive  to  the  house  should  follow  such  natural  lines  as  one  would 
take  in  driving  from  the  front  gate  to  and  beyond  the  house.  It  is 
better  if  it  is  curving,  but  the  curves  should  be  placed  with  reason;  and 
in  the  points  about  which  the  drive  turns  should  stand  trees  or  groups 
of  shrubs  that  would  indicate  a  reason  for  the  curves.  There  should  be 
two  drives,  one  past  the  dwelling  and  on  to  the  stables,  the  other  direct 
from  the  highway  to  the  barnyard.  This  last  will  need  fencing,  as  animals 
will  be  driven  through  it. 

The  building  of  bams  will  of  course  depend  much  on  the  character 
of  farming  followed.  I  do  not  favor  the  building  of  large  combined 
bams  and  stables  to  house  all  the  animals  of  many  classes,  the  tools  and 
machines,  the  forage  and  grain,  under  one  roof.  Instead,  I  advise  a 
stable  for  the  horses,  another  apart  from  it  for  the  dairy,  if  one  is  kept, 
though  if  only  two  or  three  cows  are  kept  they  can  be  sheltered  in  the 
horse  stable  or  in  a  leanto  at  one  side  or  end.  As  a  rule,  horses  and  cows 
should  be  separated.  Horses  are  better  ofT  for  abundant  air  and  in  cool 
or  almost  cold  stabling.  Cows  giving  milk  also  need  abundant  air  but 
will  not  endure  cold  well  or  as  low  temperatures  as  make  horses  thrive. 
To  get  best  results  make  these  stables  apart.  An  open  yard,  if  possible 
paved  with  concrete  made  rough,  should  be  provided  for  both  cows  and 
horses.  Naturally,  one  cannot  well  have  both  classes  of  animals  in  the 
same  yard. 

Sheep  require  a  shed  by  themselves.  "Sheep  are  better  to  have  a  very 
great  flood  of  fresh  air.  They  do  not  mind  the  cold  at  all.  By  all  means  give 
the  sheep  their  owm  quarters.  They  need  a  yard,  akso.  Better  have  it 
on  the  north  side  of  the  bam.  There  will  be  less  mud  there;  the  ground 
will  remain  frozen  in  winter.     There  will    be  shade  there  in  summer. 

Pigs  are  best  off  in  a  place  by  themselves.  A  permanent  pigging 
house  is  good  to  have.      Concrete  the  small  yards  in  front  of  each  pen. 

Poultry  need  separate  quarters.  One  does  not  wish  fowls  in  the 
stable  or  on  the  hay.     The  carriage  shed  is  a  poor  place  for  hens. 

Then  there  is  the  tool  shed.  Make  it  at  a  very  convenient  point  so 
that  it  is  easy  to  drive  through  it  and  unhitch  right  there  from  the  wagon, 
drill,  mower,  or  corn  planter.  The  simpler  the  tool  shed  is,  the  better, 
probably.  A  simple  shed  open  at  two  sides  with  posts  10  feet  apart; 
the  shed  about  30  feet  wide  and  as  long  as  you  need  is  satisfactory'. 
Have  an  upper  story  or  half  story  with  a  bridge  that  can  be  let  down. 
There  you  can  place  tools  that  will  not  be  needed  for  months  to  come. 
The  beauty  of  such  a  shed  is  that  one  can  drive  right  through  it  cross- 
ways  and  leave  any  machine  or  wagon  in  place. 

Now  about  grouping  these  buildings.  It  is  not  a  simple  thing  to 
plan.  Nor  can  one  plan  for  any  farm  until  he  has  seen  it.  A  safe  rule 
is  to  place  buildings  far  enough  apart  so  that  should  there  come  a  fire, 
all  will  not  be  devoured. 

Roofs  of  slate,  tile,  or  metal  will  lessen  the  danger  from  fire.  There 
is  little  economy  in  having  buildings  crowded  together.  Naturally  the 
horse  stable  deserves  a  central  and  convenient  place;  the  carriage  house 
may  abut  the  lawn.  It  should  not  be  attached  to  the  stable.  If  it  is, 
there  should  be  a  close  partition  dividing  it  from  the  stables,  else  the  odors 
of  ammonia  will  fill  the  carriage  robes.  If  a  dairy  is  kept,  the  milk  should 
[Continued  on  page  30] 

28 


miism^^JffC  ALMANAC  ^ ENC}VL0PED1A\^£^ 


Harvesting  in  Western  Canada 


Moon's  Phases 

5  First  Quarter 
®  Full  Moon 
(J   Last  Quarter 
®  New  Moon 
5   First  Quarter 


2 

3 
4 
S 
6 

7 
8 

9 
lo 
II 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 

iS 

19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 

27 
28 


Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 

Fr 

Sat 

Sun 

M 

Tu 

W 

Th 


Inter-CoI.  T. 

H.       M. 


7 
10 

8 


29 

54 

10 
i4  24lh 

20 


Eastern  T. 

H.        M. 


6 

9 

7 
II 


29 

54 

10 

14 


Central  T. 


n. 

5 
8 

6 
10 


M. 
29 

54 

10 

14 

20 


Mountain  T 

n.    M. 


4 
7 
5 
9 
II 


29 

54 

10 

14 
2o30tli 


Pacific  T. 

H.        M. 

3  29 
6  54 

4  10 
8  14 

10  2o30th 


UNITED  STATES 


Northern  States 


Sun 
Rises 


Sun 
Sets 


4  56  7  16 
7  14 

5S 


59 


12 


14 
15 
16 

17 
17 
18 

5  19 
5  20 
5  21 
5  22 
5  2,5 
5  24 
5  25 


13 

12 

10 

9 

7 

6 

5 
4 
2 
I 

7  o 
658 
6  57 
655 
''  54 
653 
651 
6  50 
648 
647 

645 
644 
6  42 
6  41 
6  39 
6  37 
636 
635 
6  34 


Moon 
S.  4  E, 

H.     M, 


II  O 
II   25 

II  54 
mom 

29 

1  1=; 

2  6 

3  5 
rises 

7  57 

8  21 

8  42 

9  2 
9  23 
9  51 

10  15 

10  5 

11  36 

mom 

33 

1  42 

2  59 

4  7 
sets 

7  57 

8  18 
840 

9  I 
9  24 
952 

10  25 


Southern  States 


Sun 
Rises 


Suu 

Sets 


4658 

6  57 
656 

655 
654 
653 
652 
651 
6  50 
6  49 
648 
647 
5  22  6  46 
5  23  6  45 
5  24  6  44 
5  25  6  43 
5  256  42 
5  26  6  41 
5  2  7  6  40 
6  39 
6  37 
636 
6  35 
6  34 
633 
631 
6  30 
6  29 
6  28 


Moon 
S.&  R 

H.      M 


II    22 

II  54 

mom 

3° 
I  10 

1  5 

2  49 

3  45 
rises 

7  33 

8  5 
834 

9  3 
9  a 

10    9 

10  42 

I  26 

mom 


1  17 

2  24 

3  35 

4  35 
sets 

751 

8  21 

851 

9  20 

-  9  51 
6  26  10  26 
6  25  II 

29 


The  World's  Calendar  for 
Wheat  Harvests 

August  is  the  harvest 
month  in  Holland,  Belgium, 
Great  Britain,  Denm.ark,  Po- 
land, Western  Canada  and 
the  Dakotas. 

Western  Canada  has  been 
called  the  "Bread  Basket  of 
the  World." 

The  recent  introduction  of 
quickly  ripening,  hardy- 
wheat  from  vSiberia  has 
opened  up  thousands  of  acres 
of  Canadian  northland  hith- 
erto thought  worthless. 


Weather  Calendar 

See    E.xpjanation  on  page  5. 

I —  4-     Continued     Storm 

Period. 
5 —  8.     Clear   and  Sultry. 
9 — 13.     Showery  Period. 
14 — 17.     Pleasant  Period. 
I S — 2 1 .     Sultry. 
22 — 25.     General  Storm  Pe- 
riod. 
26 — 29.      Fair.     Showers  on 

29th. 
3° — '.ii.     StormsintheWest. 


J HC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


[Continued  from  page  28] 
not  be  very  far  from  the  dairy  room.  Overhead  trolleys  will  convey  this 
milk  from  the  stable  to  the  dairy  building;  such  an  arrangement  is  ur.cd 
by  enterprising  dairymen.  The  sheep  may  as  well  be  farther  back. 
The  pig  pens  should  not  be  where  prevailing  winds  will  carry  their  odor 
to  the  dwellings.  Even  clean  pig  pens  have  an  odor.  The  poultr\'  house 
.  will  be  well  located  in  the  orchard,  convenient  of  access  for  the  housewife, 
who  naturally  will  be  much  interested  in  its  career. 
[Continued  on  page  32] 


For  the  Housewife 


Cooking 
For  Baking 

Meats 

Time  in  ove 
JIutton,  leg,  per  pound  10  to  15  mi: 
Beef  ribs,  per  pound.  . .   S  to  i  5 
Round  of  beef,  per 

pound 1  2  to  15 

Lamb,  well  done,  per 

pound 15 

Pork,  well  done,  per 

pound -o 

Veal,  well  done,  per 

pound I S  to  20 

Mutton,  shoulder. 

stuffed,  per  pound 15 

Venison,  rare,  per 

pound .10 

Goose,  per  pound .  18 

Chicken,  per  pound 15 

Turkey i  Ji  to  o  hours.' 

Birds,  small  (hot 

oven) 15  to  20  mi 

Ducks,  wild  (very  hot 

oven) 15 

Ducks,  tame -45 

Partridge.' ■  5  to  40 

Bread i  hou 

Custard  (very  slow  over.) .  .  .i 

Biscuits 20  mi 

Cakes 20  to  45 

For    Broiling 

Meats 

Mutton  chops 8  to  10  ni 

Grouse 15 

Quail 8  to  10 

Steak,  1  1^  inches  thick.io  to  15 

Steak,  I  inch  thick S  to  lo 

Spring  chicken 20 

Squab 10  to  15 


Time  Table 


Shad. 


For  Baking 

Fisil 

Time  in  oven. 
I  5  to  2;  min. 


Bluefish 15  to  25     " 

Small  fish.  ,    5  to  lo     " 

For   Boiling 
Vegetables 

Peas 1 5  to  20  min. 

Spinach 15  to  20     " 

Liina  beans 30  to  40   " 

String  beans 20.  to  30     " 

Potatoes 20  to  30     " 

Asparagus 20  to  25     " 

Brussels  sprouts.. ..  10  to  15     " 

Green  corn 20  to  25     " 

Onions. 30  to  40     " 

Parsnips 30  to  40     " 

Rice ...  15  to  20     " 

Turnips  30     " 

Beets 30  min.  or  more 

Cauliflower 20  min. 

Cabbage 20     " 

Macaroni j  j     " 

Meals 

Mutton,  per  pound    15  n'.in. 

Ham,  per  pound 23     " 

Chicken,  per  pound 15     " 

Turkey,  per  pound 15     " 

Corned  beef,  per  pound.  30  " 
Fowl,  per  pound   .  .20  to  30     " 

Tripe,  per  pound 3  to  5  hoitrs 

Fish 

Halibut,  per  pound 15  min. 

Bluefish,  per  pound 10     " 

Bass,  per  pound 10     " 

Codfish,  per  pound 6     " 

Haddock,  per  pound 6     " 

Salmon,  per  pound.  10  to  i  ^  " 
Small  fish,  per  pound. ...  6  " 
Lobster 30  to  40     " 


30 


JHC  ALMANAC  'S>  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


.dW^IA^ 


EPTE  M  B  E  R  ■■^^^{[■- ''i^'^gp^ 


Harvesting  in  Siberia 


Moon's  Phases 

Inter-Col.  T. 

Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

r) 

H .        M . 

H.        M. 

H.       M. 

H.        M. 

11.       M . 

i)  Full  Moon 

5      II      s6 

10        :^6 

9      S6 

8     55 

7     56 

\   Last  Quarter 

I 

s       I    50 

0    50 

II      50 

10    50 

0      50 

(§(  New  Moon 

2 

=       1°      37 

0     3  7 

8     37 

6     37 

§  First  Quarter 

^< 

-)         7      oS 

6      08 

5        8 

4        8 

3        8 

ij 

UNITED  STATES 

Jd 

= 

% 

The  World's  Calendar  for 

S 

=  c 

Ph 

Northern  States 

Southern  States 

Wheat  Harvests 

c 

c 

-„ 

Kuii 

Sum 

Moon 

Sun 

Sun 

Moon 

5 

>1 

'■it 

a 

Rises 

Set.H 

H.&  R. 

Rises 

Sets 

S.  &  R, 

In   September  harvest   is 

H    M. 

H.  M. 

H.      M. 

M.  H. 

H.   M 

H.      M 

on  in  Scotland,  Sweden,  Xor- 
way,    Northern    Russia  and 

I 

Fr 

D 

ni 

i    2  6 

6  3.S 

II    7 

S  3S 

6  24 

II    50 

2 

Sat 

\') 

XI ' 

5  27 

631 

II  57 

5  36 

623 

mom 

Siberia,  ami    continues  into 

4 

Sun 
M 

9 
9 

5  2S 

;    2C, 

6  29 
6  28 

mom 
53 

5  37 
S  ^7 

b  21 
6  io 

41 

I  35 

October. 

5 

lu 

J> 

\J 

5  30 

6  26 

I  57 

5  3« 

6  19 

2  34 

These     countries     of    the 

(1 

7 

W 
Th 

& 

^ 

\j 

5  31 

625 

6  2^ 

3  I 

4  II 

5  39 
S  SQ 

O17 
6  16 

3  32 

4  33 

frozen  north,  as  we  are  apt 

S 

I'r 

<'i) 

;;;; 

■;  V. 

6  21 

rises 

S  40 

6iq 

rises 

to  consider  them,  are  users 

1) 

Sat 

S) 

H 

=;  34 

6  20 

7    7 

s  40 

613 

7    5 

of  a  large  number  of  Amer- 

lO 

Sun 

m) 

H 

5  35 

6  18 

728 

5  41 

6  12 

7  35 

ican    made    harvesting  ma- 

I I 

M 

m 

H 

s  ^(> 

6  16 

7  52 

5  42 

6  II 

8    8 

chines. 

12 

Tu 

m 

,y> 

^  ^7 

el's 

8  18 

S  42 

6    q 

843 

I  1 

W 

•:s) 

'T' 

^  38 

613 

8  50 

S  4i 

6    8 

Q  23 

M 

Ih 
Fr 

m 

f 

>1 

5  3') 
S  40 

6  II 
6    Q 

932 

10  24 

5  43 
S  44 

6    6 
6    5 

10  12 

11  8 

I  i 

1 6 

Sat 

ei 

n 

=;  41 

6    8 

II    2p 

S  4S 

6    4 

morn 

1/ 
iS 

Sun 
M 

1 

n 

5  42 

6    6 
6    4 

morn 
40 

5  46 
S46 

6    3 
6     I 

12 

I   19 

Weather  Calendar 

i() 

lu 

H 

60 

^  44 

6    3 

I  5S 

S  47 

6    0 

2  27 

Sec  E.vplanation  on  page  5. 

20 
2  I 

W 
Th 

% 

^i 

5  45 
s  46 

6    I 
5  5Q 

3  12 

4  26 

5  4S 

S  4S 

558 
5  57 

3  35 

4  40 

I —  3.     Storm  Period. 

22 

Fr 

III' 

T  47 

s,s« 

sets 

S  40 

550 

sets 

4—  8.     Very  Pleasant. 

2  > 

24 

Sat 
Sun 

III' 

11V 

^  4.^ 

^  4'/ 

556 

5  54 

6  41 

7  2 

5  50 
S   SO 

5  54 
5  53 

6  49 
718 

9 — 12.     Storms  in    West. 

'  S 

M 

^ 

ji 

^   SO 

■S  ,=i3 

7  25 

S   SI 

5  52 

7  49 

ij  — 16.     Storms  in  East. 

26 
2- 

lu 
W 

i 

5  51 

S    S2 

5  52 

s  50 

7  51 

8  22 

552 

S    S2 

5  50 
5  40 

8  22 
q    0 

17 — 20.     Cool  and  Fair. 

28 

Ih 

Ct5 

ni 

S   Si 

548 

Q     I 

S  5.1 

5  4« 

q43 

21 — 2(1.     Great      Storm 

2q 

Fr 

(S 

^' 

5  54 

546 

946 

5  54 

5  4t> 

10  3: 

Period.     Danger. 

3° 

Sat 

» 

7f' 

5  54 

5  44 

10  41 

5  5  5 

5  40 

II  24 


27 — ;;o.      Cool  Period 

31 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 

[Continued  from  page  30] 

Concrete  and  Cobblestones  for  Stables  and  Walls 


Where  stones  abound 
they  make  beautiful 
walls.  Lay  them  in 
forms  made  about  12 
inches  wide,  the  stones 
next  the  outer  face; 
throw  wet  concrete  back 
of  the  stones  and  agitate 
it  with  sticks  till  it  flows 
in  between  them.  Thus 
a  pleasure  wall  can  be 
built  at   a   trifling   cost. 

Herewith  is  shown  a 
picture  of  a  stable,  the 
lower  walls  of  which  are 
built  of  concrete  and 
cobble  stones. 


The  lower  portion  of  the  walls  of  this  stable  is  of 
concrete  and  cobblestones 


A  Novel  Corn  Crib 

Corn  is  worth  saving  nowadays.  The  days  of  piling  it  on  the  ground 
or  throwing  it  in  rail  pens,  unprotected,  are  over,  Or  shov.ld  be  over. 
Com  is  too  precious  to  feed  to  rats.      We  present  here  a  simple  com  crib 

designed  by  an  Ohio  farmer  and 
built  quite  commonly  in  his  neigh- 
borhood. It  is  nearly  perfect, 
since  it  is  rat  proof,  keeps  com 
well  —  better  in  fact  than  any 
other  crib  —  is  ver\'  easily  and 
rapidly  built,  needs  really  no  car- 
penter, and  is  the  cheapest  pos- 
sible form  of  com  crib. 

Get  at  the  tin  shop  eight  cyl- 
inders of  galvanized  iron,  each 
one  24  inches  long  and  S  inches 
in  diameter  at  the  end.  You  can 
have  them  tapered  at  one  end  if 
you  wish.  These  are  the  eight 
legs  or  piers  on  which  the  crib 
rests  and  are  filled  with  concrete. 
Get  one  cylinder  of  same  length, 
12  inches  in  diameter,  for  the 
middle  pier.  Lay  off  the  places 
for  the  piers,  according  to  the  size 
you  wish  the  crib.  For  Ohio  and 
Indiana  a  crib  12  feet  in  diameter 
is  wide  enough  :  v.-ith  a  central  air 
shaft  it  may  be  indefinitely  larger. 
Excavate  to  sound  earth  under 
each  pier  a  hole  20  inches  scjuare,  fill  the  excavation  with  concrete  to  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  set  up  j'our  galvanized  iron  cylinders,  place  them 
at  exactly  the  same  level,  then  fill  with  concrete.  On  these  rest  the 
2x1 2-inch  sills  of  the  floor.  Lay  these  across  each  other  like  spokes  of 
a  wheel,  and  put  "trimmers"  across  at  their  ends  and  intermediate 
[Continued  on  page  34] 


Photograph  of  a  novel  corn  crib  —  On 
the  farm  of  J.  E.  Wing 


.S2 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 


CTOBE  R 


'^."  -:  -43»«^c;p"\r_ ---7?^"% :C-.,^^'» ."-'-»."- 


'"•'.*'^*^^. 


Harvesting  in 

Sweden 

Moon's  Phases 

Inter-Col.  T 

.     Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

D 

II.       M. 

H.       M. 

H,       11. 

II.      .M. 

II.        M. 

@  Full  Moon 

, 

0      I  r  81 

Il        II       II 

:o     II 

9     11 

8   II 

f[   Last  Qviarter 

14 

7    46 

6    46 

5     46 

4    46 

3  46 

©  New  Moon 

2  I 

0       922 

J     II       9 

10       9 

9       9 

8     9 

5  First  Quarter 

3  c 

2      41 

I     41 

0     41 

II    4i:'!)tii 

10  41 29th 

0 

0 

UNITED  STATES 

The  World's  Calendar  for 

1 

"d 

8 

Northern  States  1 

Southern  States 

Wheat  Harvests 

Sun 

Rises 

Sun 
Sets 

Mnnii 
S.  4  R. 

Sun 
Rises 

Sm 
Sets 

MOOTI 

S.  4R. 

The  harvest  which  began 

O 

« 

ja 

s 

H.  M. 

H.  V- 

H.      M. 

H.  M. 

H.  W. 

H.      HI 

in  September    is   continued 

I 

Sun 

^ 

^ 

^  5^' 

5  43 

II    40 

5  =;i 

5  45 

mom 

during   October  throughout 

2 

M 

D 

\i 

5  57 

541 

mom 

5  36 

5  43 

20 

Sweden,  Norway,  and  North- 

3 

Tu 

5 

\3 

5  5« 

5  39 

45 

5  56 

5  41 

I   19 

em  Russia. 

4 

W 
Th 

1 

'.;" 

=;  50 

6     0 

538 
536 

I  52 
3     I 

5  57 
3  58 

540 
5  39 

2  19 

3  19 

In  these  countries  a  large 

6 

Fr 

"g 

;;a 

6     I 

5  35 

4     9 

5  58 

5  37 

4  19 

part  of  the  harvesting  work 

7 

Sat 

'S) 

^ 

6     2 

5  33 

5  18 

;  59 

536 

5  19 

is  done  by  women.      They 

S 

Sun 

,v) 

H 

6     3 

5  31 

rises 

6    0 

5  35 

rises 

often  develop    the   strength 

lO 

M 
Tu 

§ 

T 
T 

6     4 
6     5 

530 

52S 

6  20 
651 

6     I 
6     I 

5  33 
5  32 

6  42 

7  22 

of  men,  but  the  continuous 

II 

W 

® 

vj- 

6     7 

5  27 

731 

6     2 

5  31 

8    9 

hard  work  ages  them  early  in 

12 

Th 

@ 

tt" 

6     8 

5  25 

8  20 

6     3 

530 

9    3 

life. 

13 

Fr 

Sat 

<i 

n 
n 

6     9 
6  10 

5  23 
5  22 

9  20 
10  29 

6    4 
6    4 

5  29 

5  27 

10  5 

11  10 

I-; 

IS 

Sun 

<l 

69 

6  II 

5  20 

II  43 

6     5 

5  25 

mom 

i6 

M 

a 

09 

6  12 

5  19 

mom 

5     6 

5  25 

18 

Weather   Calendar 

17 

Tu 

(i 

n 

6  13 

5  17 

58 

6     7 

5  24 

I  25 

See  Explanation  on  page  5. 

i8 

W 

s 

b7 

6  14 

5  16 

211 

6     7 

5  23 

2  29 

19 

Th 

<i 

Q 

6  15 

5  14 

3  19 

6     8 

5  22 

328 

I —  5.     Pleasant  Period. 

20 

Fr 

(i 

11F 

6  16 

5  13 

4  30 

6     9 

5  20 

4  30 

6 —  9.      Storm  Period. 

21 
22 

Sat 
Sun 

© 
© 

6  18 

6    IQ 

5  12 
5  10 

5  36 
sets 

6  10 
6  II 

5  19 

518 

528 
sets 

10 — 12.     Local      Showers. 
Frosts     in     low 

23 

M 

© 

-Q. 

6  20 

5    9 

5  53 

6  II 

5  17 

6  21 

places, 
ij; — iS.     Generally  Pleasant. 

24 
2^ 

Tu 
W 

m 
m 

6  21 
6  22 

5    7 
5    6 

6  22 
655 

6  12 
6  I-, 

516 

5  15 

657 
736 

26 

Th 

© 

m 

6  2:; 

5    4 

7  39 

6  14 

5  14 

823 

K) — 22.     Storm  Period. 

27 

Fr 

@ 

.-?i 

6  24 

5    3 

8  28 

6  i^ 

5  13 

9  13 

2.5 — 24.     Fair. 

28 
21) 

Sat 
Sun 

s 

6  26 
6  27 

5    2 
5    I 

9  26 
10  29 

r,  J  6 
6  16 

5  12 
5  II 

10  8 

11  6 

25 — 27.     Sharp  Storms. 

3° 

M 

5 

\^ 

6  28 

4  59 

II  35 

6  17 

5  10 

mom 

2.T — 11.     Thunder  and  Hail 

il 

Tu 

15 

\-i 

6  20 

4  -^S 

moT-n 

6   18 

■;    0 

c 

Storms, 

33 


JHC  ALMANAC  g*  ENCYCLOPEDIA 

[Continued  from  page  32] 
joists  2x6  inches  for  the  floor;  thus,  counting  the  joists  there  are  sixteen 
spokes  m  your  wheel.  Now  lay  down  a  floor.  Don't  make  it  tight 
Cracks  an  mch  wide  will  make  the  com  keep  all  the  better.  You  can 
cover  the  cracks  if  you  wi,sh  with  woven  wire  to  hold  shelled  com.  Or 
pigs  and  poultry  may  be  depended  on  to  eat  the  com  that  drops  through. 
Next  you  need  five  hoops  of  the  same  diameter  as  your  foundation! 
Cne  rests  o.i  the  bottom,  and  the  floor  is  nailed  to  it,  the  ends  of  the  sills 
being  notched  down  four  inches  to  receive  it.  Thres  of  the  other  four 
hoops  are  the  nail  girts  for  siding  and  one  is  the  plate  for  the  roof 
These  hoops  may  be  built  up  of  iX4-inch  stuff,  preferably  ','  inch  thick 
and  of  green  wood.  A  circle  of  stakes  is  driven  in  the  ground  and  the 
hoops  made  by  bending  green  wood  around  it  and  nailing  well  together. 
If  no  green  wood  can  be  had  one  can  take  pine,  soak  it  in  water,  and  with 
care  bend  it  in  place.  Set  all  the  hoops  on  the  foundation,  set  up  some 
cf  the  sidmg,  which  may  b^  of  ix6-inch  sheeting,  10  or  12  feet  long.  Nail 
the  bottom  ends  of  some  of  the  siding,  then  lift  up  all  the  hoops:  nail  in 
place  the  first  one  above  the  floor,  then  lift  the  remaining  ones;  nail  in 
place  the  second  one  above  the  floor,  then  the  third;  then  the  top  one 
or  plate.  Put  on  all  the  siding  and  nail  it  well.  That  is  all  there  is  to 
the  building, — siding,  hoops,  floor,  roof.  There  is  no  frame,  no  studding, 
no  rafters.  But  don't  fail  to  put  on  diagonal  braces,  well  nailed,  of 
iX4-jnch  stuff,  in  two  directions,  from  floor  to  plate. 

Now  for  the  roof :  make  it  by  taking  ixi2-inch  boards,  ripping  them 
from  one  comer  diagonally  to  the  opposite  comer.  Put  them  up  with 
the  points  together.  Give  a  24-inch  projection  to  the  roof.  Shingle  on 
the  boards.  Use  a  line  fastened  to  the  peak,  with  pencil,  to  line  for 
shingles  in  circular  course.  It  is  the  cheapest  crib  in  the  world,  and  in 
some  ways  the  best,  for  it  is  rat  and  mouse  proof. 

Set  up  slatted  air  shaft  in  center.  If  you  make  this  crib  cf  large 
diameter,  say  20  feet,  make  the  air  shaft  larger  in  proportion. 

Farm  Power 

By  Charles  Edward  Lucke,  M.  E..  Ph.  D..  Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering, 
Columbia  University.  Ne^v  York  City 

One  of  the  greatest  discoveries,  measured  by  its  effects,  that  the  world 
has  ever  seen,  was  the  determination  that  the  heat  of  burning  fuel  could 
be  made  to  do  useful  work  and  replace  the  labor  of  man  and  beast.  Of 
course,  the  rnere  abstract  possibility  of  securing  work  from  burning  fuel, 
while  great  in  a  purely  scientific  way,  is  as  nothing  in  practical  value  to 
the  actual  reahzation  of  the  possibility  by  engineers.  To  design  machines 
to  carrj'  out  with  gases  and  vapors  a  series  of  processes,  such  as  heating 
and  coohng,  evaporation  and  condensation,  compression  and  expansion" 
m  suitable  order  and  degree,  always  beginning  with  the  heat  of  burning  fuel 
and  ending  with  rotating  shapes,  required  a  degree  of  skill,  patience,  and 
perseverance  that  can  be  scarcely  overestimated,  and  the  results  of  this 
work  as  exemplified  by  our  power  machinery  are  to-day  almost  immeasur- 
able. This  machinery  for  .generating  power  from  fuel  has  actually  created 
the  great  modem  industries  of  manufacturing  and  transportation,  and 
as  a  consequence  has  exerted  a  powerful  influence  on  the  lives  and  pros- 
pects of  the  people  of  civilized  cr.-.ntries  who  first  created  and  thjn  used 
it.  It  requires  but  a  moment's  thou;//;  to  realize  that  no  car  or  ship  could 
be  moved  in  a  way  equal  to  modem  de.r.ands  without  the  steam  or  gas 
engine,  burning  either  solid  or  liquid  fuel;  nor  could  all  the  articles  of  com- 
mon use  entering  into  our  clothing  and  housing  be  produced  in  suitabb 
quantity,  quality,  or  variety  without  machinery  driven  bv  similar  engines: 
nor,  finally,  would  it  be  possible  to  supply  our  tables  with  th;  foods  and 
[Continued  on  page  36] 


-f&}i^^I/iC  ALMANAC  g>  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


J^' 


OVEMBBR 


3i^2S£^ 


Harvesting  in  Peru 


Moon's  Phases 

Inter-Col.  T. 

Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

n 

H.        M. 

H.       M. 

H.        M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

@  Full  Moon 

( 

II       48 

10      48 

9     48 

8     48 

7  48 

(^   Last  Quarter 

I  --. 

3     19 

2        If) 

I         IQ 

0       19 

II   I9t2tli 

©  New  Moon 

2C 

4    49 

3     49 

2     49 

I      49 

0  49 

5  First  Quarter 

2b 

9     42 

8     42 

7    42 

6    42 

5  42 

« 

UNITED  STATES 

d 

d 

The  World's  Calendar  for 

g 

"it 

^ 

Northern  States 

Southern  States 

O 

0 

"c 

Sini 

Sun 

Moon 

Sun 

Sun 

Moon 

>. 

"a  '- 

a 

Rises 

Sets 

S.  &  K. 

Rises 

Sets 

S,  &  R. 

November  is  the   harvest 

Q 

« 

j:; 

g 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.      M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

W.      M. 

I 

w 

-^ 

ta; 

6  30 

4  57 

41 

6  ig 

5    9 

I        3 

Africa.      Peru  grows   only  a 

2 

Ih 

1 

6  31 

456 

I    4S 

6  20 

5    8 

2        2 

small  amount  of  grain. 

3 
4 

l-r 
Sat 

1 

t)  32 

6  M 

4  54 
4  53 

2    56 
4       5 

6    21 
6    22 

5    7 
5    6 

3  I 

4  2 

The  American  made  ma- 

■; 

Sun 

^ 

<Y> 

63s 

452 

S  IS 

6  23 

5    5 

S      S 

chines  are  often    drawn   by 

6 

M 

ftf) 

'( 

6  ^6 

451 

rises 

623 

5    4 

rises 

a  long-necked  animal  called 

7 

lu 

i-d) 

W 

637 

450 

526 

6  24 

5    4 

6     I 

the    llama,    which    was  the 

8 

0 

W 
Th 

% 

t5 
n 

038 
6  40 

4  49 
448 

6  12 

7  II 

6  2S 
6  26 

5    3 

5     2 

t>  54 
7  56 

only  animal  domesticated  by 

lO 

Fr 

CS) 

n 

641 

4  47 

8  18 

6  27 

5     2 

9     I 

the  South  American  Indians. 

1 1 

Sat 

I'i) 

69 

6  42 

446 

9  33 

6  28 

5     I 

10  10 

It  was  used  in  agriculture  by 

12 

Sun 

m 

0 

b  43 

4  45 

10  48 

6  29 

5    0 

11  17 

the  Peruvians  before  the  dis- 

13 

M 
Tu 

b  44 
6  46 

4  44 
4  43 

mom 

b  30 
631 

5    0 
4  59 

mom 
22 

covery  of  America. 

IS 

W 
Th 

W 

m^ 

6  47 
6  48 

442 
441 

1  13 

2  iq 

631 
632 

458 
458 

1  24 

2  22 

I  6 

i8 

Fr 

Sat 

(J 

6  49 
6  50 

440 
4  39 

3  2& 

4  32 

033 
6  34 

4  57 
4  57 

3  21 

4  18 

Weather  Calendar 

10 

Sun 

(- 

XL 

6  SI 

438 

S  39 

t)3S 

4  57 

5  17 

See  Explanation  on  page  s. 

20 

M 

i'f) 

Jl 

6  S^, 

4  38 

6  44 

6  s6 

4  5<' 

6  IS 

I —  6.     Fair  Period. 

2  I 

Tu 

('i) 

ni 

6  S4 

4  37 

sets 

6  37 

4  56 

sets 

22 

W 

© 

ni 

6  SS 

4  36 

5  34 

6  -,S 

4  55 

617 

7 — 10.     Local  Storms. 

=  3 

Ih 

X' 

6  =56 

436 

621 

6  39 

4  55 

7     t> 

II  — 14.     Storm  Period. 

24 

Fr 

© 

X' 

&57 

4  35 

7  17 

')  40 

4  55 

8    0 

1 3 — tS      Soliterraneous 

26 

Sat 
Sun 

% 

\3 

0  58 
6  SQ 

4  35 
4  35 

8  17 

9  21 

(1  41 
6  41 

5  55 
4  54 

8  5<J 

9  54 

Storm  Period. 

27 

M 

m 

\5 

7    ° 

4  34 

10  24 

642 

4  54 

10  49 

19 — 22.     Cloudy    and   Very 

2S 

lu 

S) 

;tK 

7     2 

4  34 

II  33 

b  43 

4  54 

II  50 

High  Wind. 

2lJ 

W 

s 

7     3 

4  34 

mom 

6  44 

4  54 

mom 

2^ — 26       Storm  Period. 

3° 

Ih 

£) 

~ 

7    4 

4  34 

37 

945 

4  54 

49 

■:- — 30.      Fair  and  Cold. 

35 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA  j^^^ 

[Continued  from  page  34] 
beverages  we  now  enjoy  and  regard  as  necessities  of  comfortable  living, 
without  similar  assistance.  Obvious  as  these  things  are  on  reflection, 
and  proving  as  they  do  the  dependence  of  modern  civilized  living  on  the 
use  of  nature's  stores  of  fuel  energy  through  the  medium  of  power  machin- 
ery; it  is  equally  true,  though  not  so  clearly  seen,  that  many  of  our 
common  institutions  of  commercial,  financial,  sociologic,  and  economic 
nature  owe  their  existence  to  the  same  causal  influence.  It  can  be  shown 
with  reasonable  certainty  that  no  single  formative  force  has  been  so  power- 
ful as  this  in  the  development  of  society  as  it  now  exists  from  its  earlier 
and  simpler  predecessor  when  the  majority  of  the  people  were  farmers. 

No  matter  what  changes  may  take  place  in  the  relation  of  man  to 
man  or  in  the  individual  life  of  each  family,  it  is  a  truism  that  all 
must  be  fed,  and  the  bulk  of  the  food  of  the  world  must  come  from  the 
farms;  so  that  while  one  after  another  new  occupations  for  men  and 
worrien  may  be  created  and  new  class  distinctions  drawn,  there  always 
has  been  and  always  must  be  a  farmer  class  large  and  fundamentally 
important  to  the  mere  existence  of  the  rest.  In  fact,  as  the  proportion 
of  farm  producing  population  to  the  whole  becomes  less,  so  do  those 
remaining  on  the  farm  become  more  essential  to  those  that  have  left  it; 
and  the  former  are  face  to  face  at  once  with  greater  opportunities  and 
greater  responsibilities  to  feed  with  fewer  hands  the  increasing  millions 
that  produce  no  food  themselves. 

The  use  of  power  machinery  is  not  only  responsible  for  the  creation 
and  development  of  the  manufacturing  and  transportation  industries  as 
they  now  exist,  and  all  within  the  last  century  and  a  half,  but  there  has 
also  simultaneously  resulted  a  change  in  occupation  of  a  large  part  of  the 
population,  and  to  some  extent  in  the  mode  of  living  of  all.  How  then 
while  these  colossal  social  and  industrial  readjustments  were  taking 
place — -more  intense  and  more  general  than  have  ever  been  produced  by 
all  the  wars  and  politics  of  the  world — how  has  the  original  and  funda- 
mental industry  of  farming  been  effected,  and  what  has  power  machinery 
done  to  assist  in  the  production  of  the  world's  food  supply?  Prac- 
tically nothing,  measured  by  the  effects  in  the  other  fields;  though  a 
movement  in  this  direction  is  now  becoming  sufficiently  general  to 
warrant  recognition  and  prompt  some  thought  as  to  the  possible  effects 
should  it  continue. 

There  are  two  general  classes  of  machinery — ^the  first  a  development 
of  the  common  tools  by  which  parts  of  metal  and  wood  are  used  to  assist 
the  fingers,  as  for  example,  in  the  simple  loom,  and  which  by  the  addition 
of  further  parts  to  practically  eliminate  hand  and  eye,  becomes  the  power 
loom,  on  which  among  other  things  is  a  wheel  or  shaft  that  must  be  turned, 
and  when  turned,  cloth  is  woven  without  any  other  assistance  from 
operators.  This  class  of  machine  may  be  termed  "driven,"  and  is 
characterized  by  the  fact  that  by  the  push  or  pull  of  man  or  beast  applied 
to  the  mechanism,  something,  formerly  done  entirely  by  skill,  is  accom- 
plished ,  and  faster  and  better  than  i  t  was  done  without  it.  The  elements  of 
skill  and  human  intelligence  being  eliminated,  unskilled  men,  horses,  wind 
mills,  or  water  wheels  may  be  substituted,  thus  practically  freeing  the 
intelligent  man  entirely  from  gross  labor  and  allowing  that  freer  play 
of  his  thinkingf acuities  that  is  possible  only  when  relieved  of  bodily  fatigue. 
The  second  class  of  machinery  is  intended  to  entirely  replace  the  horse 
by  the  substitution  of  the  energy  of  nature  in  one  of  its  forms — fuel,  wind, 
or  falling  water;  the  most  generally  available  of  which  by  long  odds  is 
fuel.  This  class  of  machinery  burning  fuel  accomplishes  the  push,  pull, 
■or  turn  required  by  the  first  class,  and  may  properly  be  called  power 
generating  machinery.  Historically,  the  driven  machine  in  one  form 
[Continued  on  page  38] 

3'5 


^^JHC  ALMANAC  'D ENCYCLOPEDIA, ^j^^ 


ECE-MBER 


'^"xmmffPl 


Harvest! 

ng  in 

Australia 

Moon's  Phases 

Inter-Col.  T. 

Eastern  T. 

Central  T. 

Mountain  T. 

Pacific  T. 

D 

H.        M. 

H.       M. 

H.       M. 

H.        M. 

II.       M. 

@  Full  Moon 

: 

10       52 

9     52 

8    52 

7    52 

6     52 

(^   Last  Quarter 

i: 

I     45 

0     45 

II     45 

10     4S 

9     45 

@  New  Moon 

2C 

r  I     40 

10     40 

9     40 

8     40 

7     40 

^   First  Quarter 

25 

2     47 

I     47 

0     47 

II      47 

10     47 

1 

UNITED  STATES 

0 

The  World's  Calendar  for 
Wheat  Harvests 

c 

ji 

? 

-3  C 
S  0 

E 

Northern  States 

Southern  States 

c 

CM 

0 

'a 

8 

Sun 
Rises 

Run 
Sets 

Moon 
S.  &  R. 

Sun 
Rises 

Sun 
Sets 

Moon 
S.  i  R. 

In  December  the  harvest 

C 

Q 

3= 

S 

H.  M. 

H.  ^l. 

H.      M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.      M 

season  begins  in  the   Argen- 

tine Republic,  Uruguay  and 

I 

Fr 

D 

ir 

7  05 

4  34 

I    44 

6  46 

4  54 

I  45 

Australia. 

2 

Sat 

"5 

Tt 

7     6 

4  33 

2    53 

647 

4  54 

2  45 

The   Argentine  harvest  is 

3 

Sun 

^ 

T 

7     7 

4  33 

4     5 

647 

4  54 

3  4S 

continued  well  into  the  month 

4 

M 

^ 

T 

7     S 

4  33 

5  22 

6  48 

4  54 

4  56 

of  January. 

5 

Tu 

i) 

>5' 

7     9 

4  32 

6  41 

6  49 

4  54 

6     7 

Australia  offers  a  good  ma--- 

6 

W 

# 

W 

7  10 

4  32 

rises 

6    t;o 

4  54 

rises 

ket  for  American  harvesting 

7 

Th 

a) 

n 

7  II 

4  32 

6    0 

651 

4  54 

644 

machines.      Owing     to    the 

8 

V 

# 

n 

7  1- 

4  32 

7  16 

(>  SI 

4  54 

7  55 

scarcity   of    native    hay,    a 

9 

Sat 

-iD 

60 

7  1,1 

432 

834 

6  52 

4  54 

9    6 

large   per  cent   of   the  grain 

lO 

Sun 

'^ 

*§ 

7  14 

432 

9  50 

6  53 

4  55 

10  13 

sown  is  cut  with  binders  an  :1 

1 1 

M 

'■^ 

Q 

7  15 

432 

II    3 

6  53 

4  55 

II  17 

mowers    when     green     and 

12 

Tu 

I'.i 

Q 

7  15 

432 

mom 

654 

456 

mom 

used  as  hay.     This    harvest 

I? 

W 

'i 

IM^ 

7  16 

4  33 

1 1 

655 

456 

17 

occurs  in  October.    As  grain. 

14 

Th 

■' L 

111' 

7  16 

4  33 

I  17 

655 

456 

I  14 

the  crop  is  harvested  in  De- 

IS 

Fr 

■TL 

7  17 

4  33 

2  24 

6  56 

4  56 

2  13 

cember. 

1 6 

Sat 
Sun 

if 

a 

-a 

m 

7?! 

7  iS 
7  iS 

4  33 
4  33 

3  3° 

4  36 

657 
'•'57 

4  57 

4  57 

3  II 

4  9 

17 

Weather  Calendar 

iS 

ig 

20 

M 

Tu 

W 

7  19 
7  20 
7  20 

4  34 
4  34 
4  35 

5  41 

6  45 

7  44 

6  5S 
6  5S 
6  59 

4  57 
458 
458 

5  7 

6  5 

7  I 

See  E-xplanation  on  pa^e  5. 

I —  3.     ContinuedFair  and 

Cold. 

21 

Th 

0 

-71 

7  -I 

4  35 

sets 

6  59 

4  59 

sets 

22 

Fr 

0 

Tf 

7  21 

4  36 

6    9 

7     ° 

4  59 

649 

4 —  S.     Warmer  and  Storm 
Period. 

23 

Sat 

0 

N3 

7  22 

4  37 

7  13 

7     ° 

5    0 

7  47 

24 

Sun 

(;') 

■vs 

7  22 

4  37 

8  18 

7     I 

5    0 

845 

9 — 12.     Colder  and  Stormy. 

25 

M 

© 

7  -3 

4  38 

9  21 

7     I 

5     I 

9  41 

I  :; — 16.     Storm  Period. 

26 

Tu 

© 

BK 

7-3 

4  39 

10  25 

7     I 

5    I 

10  37 

I  7—2  I .     Fair  &  High  Wind. 

27 

W 

© 

',','A 

7  23 

4  3Q 

II  30 

7     2 

5    2 

II  34 

22 — 26.     Milder    and    Local 

28 
21) 

Th 
Fr 

"9 
9 

K 

7  =3 
7  -4 

4  40 
4  40 

mom 
34 

7     2 
7     3 

5    3 
5    3 

mom 

30 

Showers  or  Snow 
Flurries. 
27 — ^i.     Severe    Storm 
Period. 

jO 

Sat 

^ 

T 

7  24 

4  41 

■I  4i 

7     3 

S    4 

I  30 

.^' 

Sun 

^ 

T 

7  24 

442 

2   ^6 

7     3 

5    5 

2  34 

37 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


or  another  preceded  the  power  generating  machine  or  engine,  and  this  is 
quite  natural,  as  there  could  be  no  use  for  the  latter  without  something 
to  do  such  as  is  required  by  the  former.  Really  great  results  are  accom- 
plished and  correspondingly  noteworthy  effects  only  when  these  are 
brought  together.  Some  early  driven  machines  were  the  pump,  forge 
bellows,  drop  hammer,  plow,  chum,  spinning  wheel,  potter's  wheel, 
turning  lathe  —  all  operated  at  first  by  men  and  women;  later,  by  beasts; 
still  later,  by  wind  or  water  mills  where  convenient,  or  where  the  people 
were  intelligent  enough.  Many  of  these  have  been  in  use  for  thousands 
of  years,  while  power  driven  machinery  is  all  of  comparatively  recent  date. 
Up  to  about  1760,  nothing  beyond  this  sort  of  driven  machinery  was 
in  existence,  and  the  people  using  it  were  farmers  or  dwellers  in  small 
towns  associated  closely  with  farming.  These  constituted  the  greater 
part  of  the  population,  the  rest  consisting  of  soldiers,  clergy,  police, 
government  officials,  land  owners,  and  some  traders,  with  but  few  me- 
chanics, and  no  factory  workers.  About  this  time  two  things  happened 
that  are  worth  tracing  briefly.  Together  they  changed  the  whole  out- 
look on  life  possibilities.  First,  a  series  of  improvements,  by  a  dozen 
different  men,  in  spinning  and  weaving  machinery,  making  the  machines 
more  complicated  and  requiring  power  to  drive  them,  but  greatly 
increasing  the  productivity  of  the  attendant  when  the  power  became 
available,  and  almost  unbe'lievably  improving  the  quality  of  thread  and 
cloth.  This  was  almost  immediately  followed  by  the  perfection  of  the 
steam  engine  by  the  now  famous  James  Watt,  who,  by  burning  coal  in 
a  boiler,  thereby  provided  means  to  drive  these  machines  as  they  needed 
to  be  driven,  thus  relieving  attendants  and  operators  of  the  hard  labor,  and 
making  possible  the  factory  in  which  production  could  be  multiplied  to  an 
almost  unlimited  degree.  In  fact,  it  was  oaly  a  short  time  before  hand 
spinning  in  the  farm  home  ceased,  and  only  a  minute  fraction  of  those 
who  formerly  spun  and  wove  to  clothe  themselves  sufficed  in  the  new 
English  factories  to  produce  cloth  for  the  whole  world. 

Following  the  demonstration  of  the  economy  and  perfection  of  machine 
methods  of  doing  things  and  the  enormous  power  possibilities  of  fuel  burn- 
ing steam  engines,  machines  began  to  appear  and  are  still  being  designed 
and  invented  to  do  every  conceivable  thing  and  many  that  were  believed 
to  be  impossible.  The  engines  themselves,  while  in  the  beginning  prac- 
tically all  the  same,  were  gradually  changed  in  form  to  suit  the  driven 
machine,  so  that  to-day  we  have  one  type  of  steam  engine  for  pumpmg 
water,  another  for  generating  electric  light,  and  still  others  for  locomotives 
and  boats.  Not  only  has  the  steam  engine  been  adapted  in  form  to  suit 
its  work,  but  the  internal  combustion  engine,  biiming  within  its  working 
cylinder  explosive  mixtures  of  gaseous  fuel  or  vapors  of  liquid  fuel  with 
air,  has  appeared  to  satisfy  at  once  the  demand  for  small  cheap  engines 
economical  in  spite  of  intermittent  service  and  thoroughly  portable  and 
self-contained.  Ever  new  types  and  systems  of  power  generating  machin- 
ery, and  machines  for  doing  things  that  may  be  driven  by  the  former 
constantly  appear  and  without  a  shadow  of  doubt  will  continue  to  appear, 
becoming  more  and  more  perfect  as  time  goes  on.  Which  of  all  these 
machines,  in  this  age  of  machinery,  have  contributed  to  the  farmer[s 
relief  and  the  promotion  of  the  farming  industry  as  in  other  lines  to  permit 
of  the  suitable  multiplication  of  the  product  of  the  man  on  the  farm? 
The  horse  drawn  plow  was  a  step  above  the  woman  hauled  plow;  the  horse 
drawn  cultivator  an  advance  over  the  hoe;  the  reaper,  mower,  and  binder 
successive  advances  over  the  sickle  and  scythe;  the  grain  drill  and 
seeder  over  hand  planting;  but,  in  no  instance  was  there  any  relief  from 
muscular  power  till  the  steam  engine  was  applied  to  the  driving  of  the 
threshing  machine  and  separator. 

For  reasons  that  are  often  a  subject  of  speculation,  this  point  in  the 
progress,  of  machine  farming  was  not  reached  till  nearly  a  century  after 

33 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


An  I  H  C  Entwine  installed  to  provide  a  practical  Farm  Power  House 

the  same  stage  in  the  manufacturing  industry;  and  still  more  strange 
it  is  that  practically  no  advance  toward  the  more  general  use  of  power 
on  the  farm  was  made  until  the  present  time,  after  one  whole  generation 
of  stationary  conditions. 

At  the  present  time  experiments  are  under  way  looking  toward  the 
powering  of  the  now  manifold  horse  and  hand  operated  farm  machines, 
and  in  spite  of  the  predictions  of  failure  with  which  each  new  attempt  is 
met,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  in  the  light  of  machine  and  power  history, 
that  success  will  be  attained.  Even  at  the  present  time  our  papers  are 
full  of  stories  of  the  .successes  of  the  new  gasoline  and  kerosene  traction 
engines  as  plow  haulers  and  .general  service  self-moving  power  plants, 
capable  of  economies  and  service  unheard  of  five  years  ago.  Xo  student 
of  industrial  history  can  for  a  moment  doubt  that  the  fviture  farm  will  be 
amply  powered,  and  human  drudgery  relieved  to  permit  of  the  exercise 
o£  the  farmer's  thinking  capacity  instead  of  his  muscles. 

If  industrial  history  is  any  guide  whatsoever,  the  farming  of  the 
future  is  destined  to  be  just  as  difficult,  scientific,  and  systematic  a  process 
as  manufacturing,  and  one  in  which  mental  capacity  will  displace  physical 
strength,  power  in  one  of  its  various  forms  displace  the  horse,  and  the 
effort  of  man  be  turned  to  the  guidance  of  machines  and  toward  a  study 
of  methods  and  processes 

Reasonable  doubt  there  .nay  be  as  to  the  time  when,  or  how  completely 
such  substitutions  will  take  place  or  when  the  methods  of  mantxfacturing 
in  farming  will  displace  the  old,  individual  effort  system;  yet  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  the  improvement  has  started;  that  it  is  attracting  the 
attention  and  will  enlist  the  assistance  of  our  best  engineers  and  scientists, 
who  have  up  to  this  time  been  establishing  and  maintaining  the  other 
more  complicated  machine  industries,  and  that,  with  such  a  promising 
beginning  and  fund  of  experience  to  work  upon,  forward  strides  will  be 
made  that  will  serve  to  characterize  this  as  an  historical  epoch. 

Assuming  for  the  moment  that  power  machinery  will  be  extensively 
used  in  farming,  what  effect  will  it  have  in  the  long  run  as  compared  to 
the  effect  of  the  creation  of  power  machine  manufacturing  and  transpor- 
tation? There  must  result  something  similar  in  kind  thou.gh  perhaps 
less  in  degree,  for  the  primary  effect  of  displacing  human  labor  by  power 
machines  is  to  increase  the  productivity  of  the  man  and  improve  its 
quality.  Less  men  are  needed  to  produce  the  same  or  even  more  than 
before:  those  no  longer  needed  may  take  up  other  occupations  more 
suited  to  their  mental  capacity,  their  tastes  or  other  personal  character- 

39 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


istics;  even  for  those  that  remain  there  will  be  a  change,  for  the  machine 
methods  lead  to  a  division  of  labor.  There  will  always  be  some  drudgery 
to  do,  and  this  will  be  left  to  those  mentally  i  ntit  to  guide  machines, 
while  those  more  richly  endowed  will  find  suitable  occupations  in  the 
management  of  men,  the  study  of  soils,  plant  and  animal  life,  and  the 
most  economic  methods  to  be  employed  to  secure  ample  crops  or  suitable 
stock,  or,  in  the  management  of  what  will  then  have  become  a  technical 
business  enterprise.  Just  as  early  manufacturing  tended  to  create  the 
city  at  the  expense  of  the  farm  by  drawing  away  the  laborers  to  the 
neighborhood  of  the  factory,  so  may  the  possibilities  of  manufacturing 
farming  be  expected  to  result  in  a  new  readjustment  of  population. 

Farming  will  cease  to  be  the  occupation  of  the  poorly  educated,  and 
the  city  the  sole  opportunity  of  the  great  thinkers;  the  same  division  of 
labor  and  mental  effort  will  apply  to  both,  and  both  country  and  city 
dweller  will  be  on  a  similar  plane;  or,  ratlier.the  same  series  of  levels  will 
apply  to  both;  each  will  have  its  captains  of  industry,  its  cultured  class, 
and  each  will  have  its  servant  and  laborer  class  with  all  grades  between, 
and  no  barrier  to  the  passage  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  in  either 
city  or  country,  except  personal  fitness  to  do  the  next  higher  thing  needed 
by  the  community. 

Power  on  the  Farm 

The  best  farm  power  is  gasoline  engine  power.  This  power  is  so 
readily  accessible  at  all  times,  so  clean,  requires  so  little  attention,  and 
causes  so  little  worry  that  it  has 
coine  to  be  known  as  "the  best 
hired  man"  for  every  farmer. 

The  immense  popularity  of  the 
I  H  C  gasoline  engine  for  farm 
use  is  unquestionable — due  to  its 
reliability,  simplicity,  and  eco- 
nomical fuel  consumption.  It  is 
so  simple  in  design  and  operation 
that  with  a  few  instructions  and 
a  little  practice  even  the  boys  are 
able  to  start  and  stop  the  engine. 

The  I  H  C  line  includes  an 
engine  for  every  section  and  every  Horizontal  1 H  C  Gasoline  Engine,  8  H-P. 
problem ;  of  all  sizes  and  costs,  for  all  farm  uses  —  vertical  and  horizontal 
(both  stationary  and  portable)  from  i  to  35  horse-power;  engines  on 
skids,  2  to  20  horse-power;  sawing,  pumping  and  spraying  outfits. 
It  also  includes  I  M  C  gasoline  tractors  12  to  45  horse-power — first-prize, 
gold-medal  winners — the  best  all-around  farm  tractor  by  test.  Infor- 
mation regarding  I  H  C  engines  will  be  cheerfully  given  by  the  I  H  C  local 
dealer,  or,  if  you  prefer,  write  to  us  direct  for  catalogue,  prices,  and  details. 


I  H  C  45  H-P  Tractor  Plowin'4  in  Winnipeg  Motor  Contest,  July,  1910 

4C 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


The  New  Farm  Power 


.      .3i^jm— '     -^'^ ; ^ - ■_ 

A  20-H.  1>.  1  H  C  Famous  Tractor  plowing  on  the  farm  of  A.  Willsie,  Moose  Jaw,  Sask 


The  horse,  the  ox,  and  the  plow  handle  have  each  seen  their  day. 
The  man  behind  the  plow  is  entering  a  new  era  of  progress.  Animal 
power  is  being  replaced  by  the  more  efficient  mechanical  power.  _ 

Gasoline  tractors  for  plowing  and  al.so  for  hauling,  and  delivering 
power  from  the  belt  have  jumped  into  favor  so  rapidly  that  manufac- 
turers find  difficulty  in  ineeting  the  demand. 

In  this  rapid  evolution  from  animal  to  mechanical  power,  one  tractor 
stands  out  as  pre-eminently  the  most  practical.  Tliis  was  demonstrated 
in  the  Winnipeg  Agricultural  Motor  Contest  held  m  July,  1910,  when 
IHC  tractors  established  two  new  world's  records  —  one  record 
for  fuel  economy  and  the  other  for  the  largest  per  cent  of  the  engine's 
brake  horse  power  delivered  at  the  draw-bar.  ^  In  this  contest,  the 
IHC  45-H.  P.  tractor  pulled  a  ten-furrow  plow  in  heavy  gumbo  soil, 
plowing  almost  2^  acres  per  hour  and  using  only  2.1 1  gallons  of  gaso- 
line per  acre.  No  other  tractor  in  the  contest  was  able  to  do  equal 
work  on  the  same  amount  of  fuel.  The  IHC  20-H.  P.  tractor  used 
2.ig  gallons  of  gasoline  in  plowing  an  acre.  These  are  new  world's 
records  for  fuel  economy. 

In  the  test  for  draw-bar  power,  IHC  tractors  again  established  new 
records.  The  IHC  45-H.  P.  delivered  75.8  per  cent  of  its  brake 
horse  power  at  the  dra"w-bar;  the  IHC  20-H.  P.  delivered  71. i  per 
cent;  and  the  IHC  15-H.  P.  delivered  75  per  cent  of  its  power  at  the 
draw-bar. 

The  IHC  line  of  tractors  includes  several  styles  and  the  following 
sizes:    12,  15,  20,  25,  and  45-H.  P. 

The  IHC  local  dealer  will  be  pleased  to  give  complete  information. 


■  ^P^^P^W*^    jBH^^^W^T-'  -r-^SSi^^flll^^^'- 


An  IHC  20-horsepower  Gasoline  Tractor  drawintt  three  S-foot  bniders  on  the 


jwer  oasoiine   tractor  arawiriu  iiiiee  c- 
farm  of  Spencer  Otis,  Barrinston,  111. 


41 


^JHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA  ^^^^ 


Farm  Machines  and  Progress 

The  Production  of  Wheat 

Editor'."  Note. — The  accompanyir.g  maps,  Nos.  i  and  2,  show  the  value  of  agri- 
cultural machines  in  use  in  1860  and  in  1900,  and  maps  Nos.  3  to  y  inclusi\e  show  the 
production  of  wheat  in  the  United  States  by  decades,  beginning  -with  1840. 

The  number  of  farms  increased  from  1,500,000  in  1S50  to  0,000,000  in  1Q09,  and  the 
total  area  under  cultivation  increased  during  the  same  period  from  20,;. 000. 000  acres  to 
700,000,000  acres.  The  population  of  the  United  States  has  increased  from  4,000,000  in 
1  790  to  90,000  000  in  igio. 

The  Staff  of  Life 

The  origin  of  wheat  is  unknown.  It  is  at  least  as  old  as  civilization, 
and  was  probably  used  as  food  by  our  primitive  ancestors  long  before 
they  emerged  from  the  obscurity  of  the  ages.  For  more  than  forty 
centuries  the  golden  cereal  has  been  the  staff  of  life  of  civilized  nations. 
In  the  advancement  of  human  welfare,  no  cereal  has  been  more  instru- 
mental than  wheat.  It  has  developed  the  mechanical  ingenuity  and 
other  intellectual  faculties  of  man.  Without  wheat,  farms  would  be 
abandoned,  cities  would  crumble  into  ruin,  and  civilization  would  perish. 

From  a  bulletin  compiled  by  IMiss  Helen  W.  Atwater  for  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,  we  Icam  that  probably  no  food,  unless  it  is  milk, 
is  more  generally  used  than  bread,  nor  is  there  any  food  that  constitutes 
a  larger  part  of  the  diet  of  the  average  person.  In  the  earliest  historical 
records  it  is  spoken  of,  and  the  wild  tribes  which  to-day  inhabit  South 
Africa  know  something  of  its  use.  Of  course,  the  bread  made  by  the 
Kafir  to-day,  or  by  the  American  Indian  three  hundred  years  ago,  is 
very  different  from  that  with  which  we  are  familiar.  The  Kafir  simply 
grinds  his  grain  between  two  stones,  makes  a  paste  of  this  meal  and  water, 
and  bakes  "it  in  the  ashes  of  his  camp  fire.  Israel,  in  Egypt,  ate  leavened 
bread,  the  ancient  Greeks  cultivated  the  yeast  plant,  in  Pompeii  an  oven 
was  found  containing  loaves  of  bread  not  unlike  that  of  the  present  day, 
many  European  peasants  still  bake  their  weekly  loaves  in  the  village 
oven,  and  so  on,  to  the  mammoth  bakeries  and  innumerable  fancy 
breads  of  modem  times.  The  reason  for  this  importance  of  bread  is 
very  simple.  Ever  since  the  far-off  days  when  the  wild  cereals  were 
first  found  or  cultivated  men  have  known  that  food  prepared  from  them 
would  support  life  and  strength  better  than  any  other  single  food  except 
milk.  Although  in  this  country  the  ease  with  which  other  foods  can  be 
obtained  makes  bread  seem  less  important,  there  are  many  districts  of 
Europe  and  Asia  where  it  is  still  the  "staff  of  life."  and  where  whtn 
people  pray  for  their  daily  bread  they  mean  it  literally. 

I  H  C  Harvesting  and 
Haying  Machines 

The  I  H  C  line  includes  Cham- 
pion, Deering,  McCormick,  Mil- 
waukee, Osborne,  and  Piano 
binders,  reapers,  headers  and 
header-binders,  mowers,  rakes 
(sulky,  sweep  and  side  delivery), 
hay  tedde  s,  hay  loaders,  hay 
stackers,  binder  twine,  and  knife 
grinders.  Any  harvesting  or  hay- 
ing machine  .stenciled  with  the 
I  H  C  trademark  is  thoroughly 
it    to    be  first-class  in  every  respect. 


An  I  H  C  Binder  in  the  Field 

dependable.      We  can   guarantee 

Tlic  best  crop  insurance  is  an  1  H  C  harvestmg  machme. 

42 


JHC  ALMANAC  *€> ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


^■}> 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Even  in  the  United  States  bread  probably  plays  a  more  important 
part  than  many  realize.  Statistical  investigations  which  have  been 
conducted  by  the  government  indicate  that  at  present  the  annual  per 
capita  consumption  of  wheat  in  the  United  States  is  about  4>2  bushels, 
which  represents  not  far  from  a  barrel  of  flour,  and  there  are  reasons  to 
suppose  that  this  amount  is  increasing. 

The  Early  Struggle  for  Bread 

During  the  first  seventy  years  of  our  national  life,  our  abundant 
resources  failed  to  bring  us  any  great  increase  in  commerce  or  in 
the  products  of  agriculture,  trades,  and  industries.  Notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  tlie  virgin  soil  was  practically  free  to  the  settler,  our  production 
of  wheat  was  insufficient  to  supply  our  people  with  bread,  and  the  little 
that  was  imported  was  taken  from  the  mouths  of  the  poor.  In  the  begin- 
ning of  the  century  just  past,  but  3  per  cent  of  the  people  of  America  lived 
in  cities;  the  remainder  lived  on  the  farms  and  in  small  towns,  and  were 
dependent  upon  agriculture  for  food;  there  was  little  manufacturing — 
the  people  were  dependent  upon  the  mother-country  for  almost  every- 
thing except  the  products  of  the  soil.  It,  therefore,  will  seem  a  surprising 
statement  when  it  is  said  that  the  people  in  the  United  States  as  late  as 
1845  '^I'd  i^°t  raise  enough  wheat  for  their  bread.  In  that  year  only  4  J 
bushels  per  person  were  raised  in  the  United  States,  while  in  the  year 
1800,  5J  bushels  per  person  were  raised.  We  had  during  the  first  half 
of  the  century  no  factories  such  as  employ  thousands  of  hands  to-day, 
and  our  cities  were  mere  villages;  therefore,  it  is  no  wonder  that,  with 
a  population  in  the  United  States  that  had  quadrupled  since  iSoo, 
economists  were  alarmed  at  the  failure  of  the  food  supply  to  keep  pace 
with  our  rapid  increase  in  population.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
the  limit  of  food  production  with  the  sickle  had  been  reached 

Increase  in  Production  of  Food 

About  the  middle  of  the  last  century  there  appears  to  have  been  a 
remarkable  change  in  the  food-producing  power  of  the  American  people. 
From  a  low  rank  among  nations,  we  have  advanced  to  the  highest  posi- 
tion, with  a  producing  power  in  agriculture  and  manufacture  that  almost 
equals  that  of  all  Europe.  The  source  of  this  remarkable  augmentation 
in  our  economic  power  is  the  result  of  invention  —  invention  of  agricultural 
machines.  Our  food  supply  increased  decade  by  decade  from  4.33  bushels 
of  wheat  per  person  in  1849,  to  5.50  bushels  in  185c),  to  7.45  bushels  in 
i86g,  and  to  10  bushels  per  person  in  1891.  In  1900  the  per  capita  pro- 
duction of  wheat  decreased  to  7  bushels,  but  increasedto  9  bu.shels  in  1 909. 

Surprising  as  these  statements  are,  they  tell  only  lialf  the  storj'. 
From  the  97  per  cent  of  people  on  the  farms  in  1800,  the  number 
decreased  to  80  per  cent  in  1859,  and  in  1900  to  33  per  cent;  the  farms 
to-day,  therefore,  with  less  than  one-third  of  the  labor  of  thecountr^^  are 
producing  sufficient  not  only  to  feed  tlie  people  upon  them,  but  also  the 
67  per  cent  that  live  in  the  cities,  and  export  a  considerable  tonnage  of 
food  supplies.  This  showing  is  most  marvelous,  and  has  been  made 
possible  only  by  the  genius  of  the  .American  inventor,  and  the  intelligence 
and  energy  of  the  American  farmer.  In  all  the  history  of  the  worla  this 
achievement  stands  out  beyond  comparison.  Much,  of  course,  has  been 
due  to  the  fertile  soil  of  the  great  plains  and  valleys  in  which  we  live; 
much  to  the  beneficent  government  that  has  given  sectirity  to  propert)' 
and  by  its  patent  system  has  encouraged  invention;  much  to  the  great 
railroads  which  have  transported  our  products  across  the  continent, 
but  more  is  due  to  that  body  of  inventors  who  reco,gnized  the  necessity 
of  improved  methods  on  the  farm,  and  who  have  provided  that  intelligent, 

41 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  EXCYCLOPEDIA  ^ 


45 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^  EKCYCLOPEDIA 


progressive,  and  energetic  body — the  farmers  of  America — with  machines 
which  have  enabled  them  to  produce  food-stuffs  more  cheaply  than  in 
any  other  land  under  the  sun,  thereby  enabling  them  to  sell  their 
products  in  the  m.arkets  of  the  world  in  competition  with  the  penny-a- 
day  laborers  of  India  and  China. 

Advancement  in  Agricultural  Methods 

Wonderful  as  has  been  the  progress  made  in  other  fields  of  effort  during 
■  the  last  half  century,  the  greatest  forward  strides  have  been  made  in 
agriculture  —  and  this  unprecedented  development  is  due  almost  wholly  to 
the  numerous  ingenious  improvements  made  in  agricultural  implements 
and  machines  since  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century.  We  all  know 
how  important  a  part  modem  farm  machines  played  in  the  industrial 
progress  of  the  United  States,  but  many  are  prone  to  accept  't  in  too 
much  of  a  matter-of-fact  way — prone  to  forget  the  many  years  of 
unremitting  toil  required  to  build  the  foundation  upon  which  we  now 
rest  so  securely. 

Industrial  Emancipation 

The  nineteenth  century  was  as  conspicuou,<^  lo/  its  indust:"ial  emancipa- 
tion as  for  its  political.  Its  history  cannot  be  adequately  written  without 
takingnoteof  its  industrial  progress,  the  abolishment  of  many  of  the  more 
burdensome  forms  of  toil,  and  the  multiplication  of  the  effectiveness  of 
labor  by  supplying  mechanical  servants  to  replace  human  bondsmen. 

The  struggle  for  deliverance  from  the  tyranny  of  despotic  govern- 
ment, and  the  struggle  for  deliverance  from  the  tyranny  of  despotic 
nature,  are  manifestations  of  the  same  craving  after  independence  and 
individual  sovereignty.  There  is  a  close  kinship  between  the  spirit 
which  combats  the  arbitrary  authority  of  man  over  man,  and  the  spirit 
which  seeks  to  establish  the  mastery  of  man  over  material  agents.  Free 
institutions  do  not  quench  man's  intuitive  ambition  for  power;  they 
rather  tend  to  substitute  a  different  object  for  that  ambition — power 
to  serve  the  rsce  instead  of  power  to  oppress  it  —  power  to  invent  mechan- 
ical agents  instead  of  power  to  enthrall  human  agents;  conquest  over 
nature  rather  than  conquest  over  mankind. 

When  it  began  to  be  recognized  that  the  authority  which  kings  had 
for  centuries  exercised  under  the  solemn  awe  of  "divine  right"  rested 
rather  upon  the  ignorance  and  subservience  of  their  subjects,  it  was 
natural  to  inquire  whether  Ihe  fetters  which  natuie  seemed  to  have 
placed  on  primitive  man  might  not  yield  to  his  intelligence,  whether  he 
might  not  dominate  each  and  make  its  force  responsive  to  his  commands 
through  the  instruments  which  his  will  should  summon  into  action  and 
direct  to  his  service.     The  complete  realization  of  man's  independenc3 


I  H  C  Corn  Machines 

The  line  includes  Deering 
and  McCormick  corn  binders, 
pickers,  buskers  and  shredder, 
Osborne  and  Milwaukee  corn 
binders.  Piano  buskers  and 
shredders  and  Keystone  corn 
shcllers.  To  conserve  loo  per 
cent  of  your  corn  crop's 
value,  you  need  I  H  C  corn 
machines.  They  are  stenciled 
with  the  I  H  C  trade-mark — 
the  recognized  seal  of  ex- 
cellence. 


An  I  H  C  Husker  and  Shredder  Saves  the  Stalks 
adding  one-third  to  the  value  of  the  corn  crop 

46 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 


required  that  inanimate  substitutes  should  supplant  the  liberated  slave 
or  serf  in  the  irksome  and  menial  tasks.  So  long  as  food  and  raiment  and 
whatever  contributes  to  sustenance,  cultivation,  and  development,  are 
procurable  only  through  the  tmaided  toil  of  the  individual,  each  is  limited 
to  the  most  meager  necessaries  of  life.  Facilities  for  education  and  refine- 
ment, and  the  leisure  which  they  require,  were  in  centuries  past  possible 
only  through  the  forced  servitude  of  the  many  to  the  few.  The  inventor 
of  machines  prepared  the  way  for  political  emancipation  and  deserves 
to  share  the  honor  which  is  freely  accorded  political  liberators.  He  has 
multiplied  artificial  servants  until  the  average  citizen  to-day  enjoys  the 
service  of  a  corps  of  mechanical  slaves  more  efficient,  more  capable, 
and  more  subservient  to  the  will  of  the  master,  than  the  gangs  of  human 
chattels  which  served  the  planters  of  the  South  fifty  years  a'jo,  or  the 
retinue  of  vassals  that  ministered  to  the  barons  of  medieval  Europe. 

We  little  realize  the  extent  to  which  we  are  served  by  mechanical 
servants,  the  extent  to  which  they  relieve  man  from  the  more  burden- 
some forms  of  physical  toil,  and  promote  him  to  a  sphere  where  his  mental 
faculties  rather  than  his  physical  strength  measure  his  earning  capacity, 
[f  we  were  to  banish  the  labor-saving  machines  which  invention  has  pro- 
vided, we  would  abandon  civilization  and  reduce  ourselves  to  a  condition 
far  more  intolerable  than  that  of  the  primitive  savage,  for  we  should 
have  his  limitatio.is  imposed  upon  the  craving  and  aspiration  to  which 
he  was  a  stranger.  An  invention,  such  as  the  reaping  machine,  which 
blazed  the  trail  to  higher  achievemcnc,  is  more  important  than  many 
of  the  dynasties  which  have  been  conspicuous  in  history.  Some  in- 
ventors whose  names  the  world  seldom  mentions  have  left  a  more  potent 
and  enduring  impress  upon  subsequent  history  than  the  famous  heroes 
of  battle  or  statecraft. 

The  Ever-Present  Problem 

The  opinion  that  the  wonderful  wealth  and  commerce  of  the  United 
States  have  sprung  entirely  from  our  natural  resources  has  found  a  too 
common  acceptance  among  cur  people.  As  we  think  of  the  increasing 
population  and  the  higher  cost  of  living,  we  realize  that  the  ever-present 
problem  of  mankind  has  been  to  obtain  food.  The  massacre  of  tribes  and 
the  marching  of  annies  have  had  the  obtaining  of  fjod  as  their  inspira- 
tion. There  has  been  no  great  progress  in  the  world  where  food  was 
not  plenty.  The  importance,  therefore,  of  the  food  producer  in  the  world 
is  manifest,  and  the  honor  due  to  those  who  have  done  most  to  assist  in 
securing  a  bounteous  food  supply  is  too  often  forgotten. 

Wheat  Production  in  the  United  States,  1866-1909 

The  following  figures  .show  the  production  of  wheat  in  the  United 
States  by  years  beginning  with  1866  and  ending  with  iQog,  as  compiled 
by  the  Bureaii  of  Statistics  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture: 


Year 

Bushels 

Year 

Bushels 

Year 

Bushels 

1866 

I5I,9<)9.90() 

i8Sl 

3.^3,280,090 

1896 

427,684,346 

iSfi; 

212,441,400 

T882 

504,185,470 

1897 

530,149.168 

1S6S 

224,036,600 

1SS3 

421,086,160 

1898 

1S69 

260,146,000 

18S4 

,'  12,765,000 

1899 

547.303.846 

1870 

235,884,700 

1SS5 

357,112,000 

1900 

522,229,505 

1871 

2^0.722,400 

1 886 

4  :7, 218,000 

1901 

74S.460.218 

1872 

219,997.100 

1S87 

416,329,000 

lg02 

670,06^.008 

1873 

2^1,254,700 

1888 

415,868,000 

1003 

637,821,83s 

1S74 

308,102,700 

1889 

490,560,000 

1904 

.^52,309,517 

1875 

292,136,000 

1890 

399,262,000 

1905 

692,970,489 

1876 

289,356.500 

1 891 

611,780,000 

1906 

735,260,970 

1877 

3'14,I94,I46 

1S92 

515.949,000 

1907 

654,087,000 

430,122,400 

1S93 

396,131,725 

190S 

664,602,000 

1S7Q 

448,756,630 

J894 

4'>o,267,4i6 

1909 

735,000,000 

iSSo 

498,549,868 

1895 

467,102,947 

47 


0) 


^^jurjTM^ACy^NCYClOPEDIA, 


JHC  ALMANAC  'S>  EKCTCLOPEDIA 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA 


50 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCTCLOPEDIA, 


51 


JHC  ALMANAC  'D  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


53 


^JHC  ALMANAC  g> ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


54 


M:^///C  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA . 


55 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


V.zZ 


56 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


Soil  Building 

Farming  in  America  has  yet  to  be  learned.  We  have  been  a  nation 
of  crop  growers,  not  farmers.  We  found  our  soils  fertile;  we  have 
drawn  yearly  on  the  deposits  made  by  nature.  In  the  outset  this  was 
wise  practice,  indeed  was  inevitable.  Gradually,  year  by  year,  the 
fertility  has  been  used  up.  Thousands  of  fanns  are  now  so  reduced  that 
they  begin  to  show 
tlie  lack  of  fertili- 
ty. Other  thous- 
ands are  worse  off. 
The  "average 
farmer"  is  making 
barely  a  living, 
and  year  by  year 
his  soil  is  getting 
poorer  rather  than 
richer.  There  is  no 
state  that  is  an  ex- 
ception to  this 
truth.  Illinois, 
California,  Colo- 
rado, Oregon, 
Wash  ington,  every 
one  of  the  richest 
states  in  the 
Union,  has  learned  xhe  fork  method  of  spreading  is  hird,  disagreeable 

that  constant  crop-  work,  and  very  wasteiu! 

ping  will  use  up  availaole  plant  food. 

In  the  past  men  have  "moved  on."  To-day  they  are  "moving  on" 
to  the  Canadian  Northwest,  and  to  the  newer  irrigated  sections  of  Amer- 
ica. There  are  no  longer  any  new  lands  left  to  which  man  may  move. 
There  are  undiscovered  riches  within  our  own  boundaries.  It  is  cheaper 
to  take  possession  of  our  own,  and  it  is  better  so.  It  is  time  to  learn 
farming.  It  is  time  to  lose  some  of  that  bra.-i^^art  air  that  we  have  used 
so  long:  to  cease  glorifying  ourselves  for  being  bom  on  soil  that  God 
made  rich,  and  to  learn  the  secrets  of  soil  enrichment  and  good  agri- 
cultural practice. 

In  the  Old  World  men  know  better  than  we  how  to  farm.  The 
writer  has  stood  on  lields  that  were  old  fields  2,000  years. ago,  and  found 
them  far  more  fertile  than  even  the  best  fields  of  America.  Let's  begin 
to  learn  soil  building,  then,  rather  than  soil  robbery,  of  which  we  already 
know  enough 

What  constitutes  soil  fertility?  We  don't  know  all  of  it  yet.  These 
things  we  know.  Soils  are  living,  growing,  breathing  things.  That  is, 
"live,"  rich  soils  are  living  things.  They  are  inhabited  by  millions  of 
microscopic  organisms  commonly  known  as  bacteria.  The  more  of  the 
useful  bacteria  a  soil  has  in  it  the  richer,  the  more  productive  it  is.  The 
fewer  bacteria  the  "deader"  it  is  in  every  sense,  the  less  possible  to  make 
profit.  There  is  absolutely  no  evasion  of  this  law.  A  rich  soil  is  a  living 
soil.     Now  how  can  a  living  soil  be  made? 

First,  get  the  water  out  of  it_,  the  stagnant  water.  Drain  the  land. 
Air  is  necessary  to  life.  Then  if  it  is  in  danger  of  sourness,  lime  it.  Car- 
bonate of  lime  is  the  source  of  fertility.  It  promotes  wonderful  bacterial 
life  in  soils.  It  promotes  fertility  by  stopping  the  waste  of  nitrogen  as 
well.  Soils  filled  with  carbonate  of  lime  naturally  tend  toward  increase 
in  fertility.  What  is  carbonate  of  lime?  It  is  the  natural,  unbumed, 
ground  limestone,  in  imitation  of  how  God  made  soils  in  the  beginning. 

57 


JHC  ALMARAC  ^  ENCTCLOPEDIA , 


Spreading  Manure  ^vith  an  1 11  C  ^^pit-ad^i 


Very  few  soils  have  enough  carbonate  of  lime  in  them  to  make  maxi- 
mum crops.  The  best  farmers  of  to-day,  everywhere  east  of  the  Missouri 
River,  are  using  lime.  International  manure  spreaders  are  the  best 
means  yet  found  for  distributing  ground  lime  stone. 

What  else  can  v.-e  do  to  make  a  soil  truly  alive?     Bacteria  love  lime; 

yes,  and  veg- 
etable matter 
in  the  soils. 
Living  soils 
have  humus  in 
them,  decaying 
vegetable  mat- 
ter. The  more 
of  this  the  more 
bacteria,  the 
more  plant 
food.  Manure 
makes  land 
rich.  Can  you 
remeniberthat  ? 
"Pshaw!"  you 
exclaim,  "my 
grandfather 
knew   that." 

Yes,  your  grandfather  knew  it,yourfatherforgot  it;  you  are  beginning  to 
learn  it  for  yourself.  Agricultural  truth  is  as  old  as  the  pyramids.  Indeed,  the 
ancient  peoples  knew  m.ore  than  we  about  most  things  pertaining  to  soil 
building.  Our  latest  discoveries  are  only  confirming  what  the  ancients  knew. 
Manures  make  land  rich!  That  is  the  vital  tn.ith  that  needs  to 
be  impressed  on  the  American  farmer  to-day.  Carbonate  of  lime  makes 
manure  show  its  effects  in  the  soil  for  a  much  longer  time  than  when  the 
soil  is  sour.  Phosphorus  added  to  the  manure  doubles  its  efUciency. 
"Hold  on,"  you  exclaim,  "what  in  thunder  is  phosphorus?"  It  is  the 
vital  element  in  bones,  it  is  the  true  source  of  life  in  man,  beast,  and  herb. 
Thome  of  Ohio  proved  that  manures  reinforced  with  phosphorus  yielded 
double  what  they  did  without  it.  You  find  phosphorus  in  mines  of 
fossil  rock  in  Tennessee.  You  buy  "floats,"  or  fine  ground  Tennessee 
rock,  mix  that  with  your  manure,  or  you  buy  "acid  phosphate,"  the 
same  rock  treated  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  mix  that  with  the  manure. 
Either  wiil  double  the  usefulness  of  the  manvire. 

"Manure,  what  is  it  worth,  anyway?  It  is  a  lot  of  work  to  handle  it, 
and  will  it  pay."  You  ask  this,  and  Thome  and  Hopkins  answer: 
A  ton  of  manure  may  be  worth  in  general  farm  crop  returns  as  much  as 
$4.00.  That  is,  perhaps,  an  extreme  estimate.  It  is  never  worth  less 
than  $2.00.  A  horse  makes  at  least  S25.00  worth  of  manure  in  a  year, 
and  usually  considerably  more.  A  steer  makes  S20.00  worth.  A  sheep 
$2.00.  You  keep  a  good  many  cows,  horses,  sheep.  Do  you  neglect 
this,  the  best  of  all  revenues?  Best  because  it  remains  a  permanent  asset 
01  fertility  on  your  land.  It  makes  your  farm  worth  more.  "Oh,  well, 
don't  worry,  I  haul  the  manure  out  every  fall."  You  do,  do  you?  Well, 
it  has  lain  in  the  weather  or  in  piles  firing,  all  summer.  It  has  lost  a  little 
more  than  half  its  value  in  that  time.  Then  you  have  hauled  it  out 
In  a  wagon  and  with  much  disagreeable  labor  spread  it  imperfectly  by 
hand.  A  few  spots  you  have  made  too  rich,  so  that  the  grain  falls  down ; 
the  remainder  of  the  farm  has  gone  untouched.  Now  to  get  true  value 
out  of  this  manvire,  don't  you  know  that  you  ought  to  own  an  Internation- 
al manure  spreader,  haul  out  the  manure  as  fast  as  it  is  made,  and  get  it 
spread  evenly  over  the  land  ?  A  ton  of  manure  thus  spread  is  worth  four 
tons  left  to  lie  in  the  yard  till  fall,  and  imperfectly  sj^read.  For  manure 
carries  bacteria,  manure  carries  life  to  the  land. 

58 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 


Analysis  of  Manures 

In  the  Farmers'  Bulletin,  No.  21,  issued  by  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture at  Washington,  D.  C,  is  a  table  which  shows  the  analysis  of 
farmyard  manure.  This  table  gives  the  value  per  ton  of  the  three 
important  fertilizing   elements   contained  in  various  kinds  of  manure: 


Cattle .  . 
Horse . . . 
Hog.... 

Sheep  . . . 
Chicken  . 


M 

:nure 

Witer    1 

7S 

2,S?6 

48 

6qy-6 

7  + 

13% 

=(9 

S2% 

qA 

00  "„ 

Nitrogen 


So- 


.426% 
.490% 
.840% 
.768°^ 


Phosphoric 
Acid 

.■;o-2 

2  9<:-o 
260% 
390% 
391% 
000  °o 

Potash 


.440  "6 
.480°^ 
.320% 
.591% 
.  .So—.  goo% 


Value 
per 
Ton 


S2  .02 

2  .  21 
329 

3-3° 

7°7 


It  will  be  seen  that  three  elements,  nitrogen,  phosphoric  acid,  and 
potash,  are  contained  in  manure  to  the  value  of  from  $2  to  $7  per  ton 

Stable  Manure 

The  Maryland  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  in  Bulletin  No.  122, 
entitled  "Stable  Manures,"  proves  conclusively  that  fresh  manure  is 
more  valuable  than  rotted  manure;  also  that  when  applied  as  a  top- 
dressing  manure  is  far  more  effective  as  a  fertilizing  agent  than  when 
plowed  vmder.  The  results  of  these  experiments  are  embodied  in  a  series 
of  tables,  two  of  which  are  reproduced  below.  The  first  table  shows  a 
comparison  of  the  yields  from  unmanured  land,  land  which  received 
applications  of  fresh  manure,  and  land  which  received  applications  of 
rotted  manure.  The  second  table  shows  that  manure  used  as  a  top- 
dressing  proves  more  valuable  than  manure  plowed  under.  There  is  no 
good  reason  for  burying  manure. 


Comparison  of  Yields  from  Application  of  Fresh  and  Rotted  Manure 

Yields  per  acre  in  bushels. 


Unmanured 

Fresh  manure 

Rotted  manure 

Gain  from  fresh  manure 

Gain  from  rotted  manure 

Gain  of  fresh  over  rotted  manure .  . . 
♦Average  of  4  crops,     tAver.-ge  of  2  crops 


*     Corn 
Bushels 


t  Wheat 
Bushels 


16. 1 

'9-7 
iq.i 


3-0 
0.6 


Results  of  Applying  Fresh  and  Rotted  Manure  Before  and  After  Plowing 

(Yields  per  acre  ) 


FRESH  MANURE 

ROTTED 

.MA.N'URE 

Corn* 

Whe^t 

Corn 

Wheat  + 

Grain 

Fodder 

Grain 

Straw 

Grain 
Bu. 

Fodder 

Grain 

Straw 

Bu 

Lbs. 

Bu 

Lbs 

Lbs. 

Bu 

Lbs 

Before    plowing  .  . 
After  plowing  ..    . 

87. 2 
qS.l 

6950 

7ROO 

20.3 
2  2..^ 

1080 
I  160 

82.3 
82.6 

6550 
6450 

19.8 
20.7 

760 
960 

(Jain  from  using  manure  as 
a  lop  drcssino; 

lO.Q 

SS° 

2.0 

So 

0.;^ 

roo 

.00 

200 

"Aver.^ge  of  2  crops      +Aver?ge  of  i  crop 

59 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


Plant  Food  Removed 

From  Each  Acre 

by  Various  Farm  Crops 

Weight 

Crop^                               per  acre 

Pounds 

Nitrogen    ,  P''"!^*.""'^ 
P-"'^^    i     Pounds 

Potash 
Pounds 

Lime 
Pounds 

Wheat,  20  bushels 

1 ,200 
2.000 

25 
10 

12-5 

7-5 

7 

2S 

I 

Total 

,>^          1       20 

,^  > 

8 

Barley,  40  bushels 

Straw 

1,920 
3.000 

28 

12 

15 

8 
?o 

I 
8 

Total 

40            i         20 

.^'^ 

0 

Oats,  50  bushels 

Straw 

1 ,600 
.3,000 

35 

12 
6 

10 
3  5 

1-5 

9-S 

Total 

■;o        1      18 

4^ 

1 1 

Com,  65  bushels 

Stalks 

2,200 
3 .000 

40 

18 

13 
45 

I 
1 1 

Total 

7=;      1     20 

60 

12 

Meadow  hay,  i  ton 

Red  clover  hay,  2  tons.. 
Potatoes.  150  bushels  .  .  . 

20,000 
2,000 
4,000 
0,000 

75 
3° 

40 

35 
20 
28 
20 

15° 
45 
66 

75 

30 
1 2 
75 
25 

I  H  C  Spreaders 

I  IT  C  spreaders  are  made 
in  three  styles :  Corn  King  and 
Kemp  2oth  Century,  return 
apron  machines,  and  Cloverleaf 
endless  apron.  Each  made  m 
a  number  of  sizes.  AVrite  for 
beautifully  illustrated  cata- 
logue describing  the  machine 
in  which   vou    are    interested. 


^  IT  IS  1  SEtL  OF  EXCELLENCE  m  >  BUIRIIITEE  OF  DUtLITT 


Repair  Parts 


When  you  buy  a  sickle,  knife  section,  ledger  plate,  guard  plate,  pitman 
strap,  or  other  repair  part,  look  for  the  I  H  C  trademark  —  otherw-ise  it 
may  or  it  may  not  lit  —  it  may  or  it  may  not  be  made  of  good  material.  In 
other  words,  if  you  buy  a  repair  part  without  this  trade  mark  you  are 
taking  chances  at  a  time  when  delays  mean  serious  losses. 

When  you  buy  repair  parts  with  this  mark,  the  repairs  are  genuine,  for 
the  manufacturer  has  a  reputation  to  uphold,  and  is  just  as  niuch  inter- 
ested in  making  good  repair  parts  as  in  building  good  machines.  The 
parts  will  fit.  and  they  will  give  satisfactory  service. 

At  numerous  branch  houses  and  at  thousands  of  local  a.gencies 
throughout  the  world,  a  full  supply  of  repair  parts  for  these  machines  is 
always  carried  in  stock,  and  any  part  of  a  machine  can  be  secured  on 
short  notice. 

Delay  in  securing  the  proper  repairs  for  a  machine  may  mean  the 
partial  loss  of  a  crop  equal  to  or  greater  than  the  cost  of  the  machine,  and 
it  IS  a  source  of  great  satisfaction  to  know  that  repairs  for  all  I  H  C 
machines  can  be  quicklv  obtained.  The  owner  of  an  I  IT  C  machine  is 
insured  against  loss  by'  the  absolute  certainty  of  getting  repairs  for  his 
particular  machine  at  any  time  he  may  require  them. 

60 


J HC  ALMANAC  '^^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Statutory  Weights  of  the  Bushel 

STATE 

(IR 

TERRITORY 

z 

m 

- 

3 

Si 

E 

c 

<5 

/' 

2 

0 

0 

C 

tJ 

« 

c 

£ 

< 

a 
0 

T 

Q 

c 

c 

s 

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'^ 
0 

^ 

t: 
^ 
H 

1 
v. 

& 
c 

c 
3 
1 

-a 

% 

u 

tniled  btales 
Alabama  .  .  . 

Al.iska 

Arizona .... 
Arkansas. . , 
California..  . 
Colorado.  .  . 
Connecticut . 
Delaware.  .  . 
Dist.  Col  .  .  . 

Florida 

Georgia .... 

Hawaii 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana.  .  .  . 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky . . . 
Louisiana . . . 

Maine 

Maryland . . . 
Mass.  ..... 

Michigan. .  . 
Minnesota . . 
Mississippi. . 
Missouri..  .  . 

Oo 
Oo 

60 
60 
60 
60 
5o 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
5o 
60 
60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 
60 

56 
56 

56 
56 

54 
56 

S6 
S6 
f.b 
56 
56 
5b 
50 
56 
S6 
56 
50 

56 
56 
Sb 
5<> 
56 
56 
56 

56 
56 

S6 
56 
56 
55 
56 
5fi 
56 
56 

56 
56 
S6 

t 
56 
56 
56 

3-' 
32 

32 
32 
32 
32 
32 

32 
32 
32 
36 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 

32 
26 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 

32 
30 

32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 
32 

32 
32 

32 

32 

32 

3° 
32 
32 
32 

4S 
47 

45 

48 
50 
4S 
48 

48 

47 
48 
48 
48 
48 
48 
48 
47 
48 
48 

48 
s 

.,8 
48 
48 
48 
48 

48 

48 
48 
48 
48 
48 
46 
47 
48 

48 
48 
48 

48 
48 
48 
48 
48 

42 

52 

40 

S2 
48 

52 

42 
52 
50 
52 
50 
56 

48 

48 
48 
50 
48 
52 
52 
52 

50 
48 

50 
42 
50 
42 
42 

48 
48 

42 
50 
42 

48 

52 
42 

50 

56 
56 

56 

S<J 

56 
56 
56 

56 

SO 
56 
s6 
56 
56 
56 
56 

56 
56 
56 

S6 

56 
56 

56 
56 

70 
70 

70 
70 

70 

70 

68 

70 
70 
70 

70 

70 
70 
70 

70 

68 
70 

" 
70 

70 
70 

■ 
70 

48 
48 

48 

50 
50 
48 

48 
48 

48 
50 

50 
SO 

SO 

SO 
50 

48 
SO 
50 
50 

SO 

5? 
48 

so 
48 

48 

SO 
50 

20 

20 

20 
20 

20 

20 
20 
20 

20 

20 
20 
20 
20 

20 
20 
20 

20 

20 
20 
20 

20 

34 

38 
35 

32 

38 
38 
30 
30 

34 
38 

38 

34 

bo 
60 

60 

60 
60 

60 
60 
60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
5o 
60 

60 
56 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 

60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
56 
60 

60 
60 
60 

60 
56 
60 
60 
60 

5S 
50 
S4 

60 

55 

SO 
55 
46 
50 
55 

54 

60 
56 

SO 

54 

54 

46 
50 
46 

54 

46 
50 
SS 

56 

S4 

50 

50 
50 
45 

50 

50 

50 

SO 

SO 
50 
SO 

50 

57 

57 
52 

S6 
57 

" 

57 

57 
57 

52 

52 
54 

52 
57 
57 
57 
57 

57 
57 

52 

SS 
52 

50 
SO 

52 
5_6 

52 
57 

57 

55 

57 

50 

54 
5S 

55 
55 

55 
60 

SO 

58 

42 

55 

60 
60 
60 

50 

60 
5° 
55 

60 

S5 

42 

'.  '. 
60 

60 

50 
SO 

60 

56 
Oo 

50 

60 
50 

60 
50 

60 

55 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

62 
60 

60 

60 
60 
60 

60 

60 
60 
60 

62 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 

; ; 
60 

60 
60 

60 

6c 

60 
bo 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 

60 
60 

60 
60 

60 

SO 

48 

48 

45 

48 
48 

44 

48 
48 
SO 

48 
45 

SO 

48 

SO 
50 

45 

48 

50 
45 

46 

45 

SO 

24 
24 
25 

24 

24 

28 

24 
25 

24 
24 
24 

w 

28 
26 
24 

33 

33 

33 

28 
33 
33 
33 
33 

so 

48 

46 
46 
46 
46 

45 

46 

46 
46 

56 
56 

55 

56 

S6 
S6 

56 
56 
56 

SS 
S6 

56 

56 
56 

SS 

5S 
55 
56 
s6 
S6 

5  ft 

56 
56 
56 

56 
56 
S6 
s6 

44 

44 

44 

44 
44 
44 
44 

44 

5° 
44 
44 
44 
44 

44 

44 

44 
44 

44 

so 

50 

50 
50 
so 
SO 

so 
48 
50 
so 

50 

50 
SO 

SO 

SO 
SO 

SO 

50 

60 
45 

45 

45 
45 
45 
45 
4S 

45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 
45 

45 

45 
45 
42 

45 

42 
45 
45 

45 
45 

45 

45 

14 
14 

14 

■4 

14 
14 
14 
14 

14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 

14 
14 

SO 
SO 
SO 

50 
48 
50 
48 
50 
so 

so 

- 

so 

48 
48 

48 

48 

60 

60 
60 

00 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

00 
60 

bo 
60 
60 

bn 

Nebraska..  . 
Nevada .... 
New  Hamp 
New  Jersey . 
New  Mexico 
New  York.  . 
N  Carolina. 
N  Dakota.. 

Ohio 

Oklahoma. . 
Oregon,.  .  .  . 
Pcnnsylvani.i 
Rh'de  Island 
So.  Carolina. 
So   Dakota.. 
Tennessee.  . 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont.. .. 
\'irninia.  .  -  . 
\\'ashinEton. 
W.  \'irKinia . 
Wisconsin . . . 
Wvomini;, 

24 

25 

25 
24 

28 

25 

24 

28 
28 

2S 
25 

32 

46 

46 
46 

60 

04 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 

60 
60 

60 
60 
60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
bo 

Note.  —  Rye  me.il  takes  48  pounds  to  the  bushel  in  the  District  of  Columbia  and  50  in  Maine,  Mass 
achusetts.  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  and  Wisconsin.  Peeled  dried  peaches  take  38  lbs.  to  the  busliel 
in  Alabama  and  40  in  Virginia.     The  metric  system  is  used  in  the  Philippines  and  Porto  Rico. 

Deviations  in  Laws  of  Weights  and  Measures 

With  such  divcrsicy  of  weight.s  and  mea.sures  it  is  apparent  that  joint 
action  should  be  taken  by  the  various  states  with  a  view  to  adopting 
uniform  laws  with  reference  to  weights  and  measures,  and  even  now 
conferences  of  many  interested  departments,  municipal  and  state,  are 
beinq;  held  under  the  lead  of  the  Director  of  the  Bureau  of  Standards 
of   the  United  States  Govemmeri. 

61 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


Weights  and  Measures  Used  in  the  United  States 


TROY    WEIGHT 

^4  grains i  pwt. 

;o  pwt I  ounce 

r  2  ounces    i  pound 

Used    for   weighing    gold,    silver 
and  jewels. 

apothecaries'  weight 

20  grains i  scruple 

3  scruples    i  dram 

8  drams i  ounce 

I  2  ounces    i  pound 

The    ounce   and   pound   in   this 
are  the  same  as  in  Troy  Weight. 

AVOIRDUPOIS    WEIGHT 

27  JJ  grains    .  .  .  i  dram 

1 6  drams  .  .  .  .  i  ounce 

16  ounces  .  .  .  i  pound 

25  pounds    ..I  quarter 

4  quarters    .  i  cwt. 

2,000  pounds    ..I  short  ton 

2,240  pounds    .  .  I  long  ton 

DRY    MEASURE 

2  pints I  quart 

S  quarts     i  peck 

4  pecks    I  bushel 

36  bushels I  chaldron 

LIQUID    MEASURE 

4       gills I  pint 

2       pints I  quart 

4       quarts     i  gallon 

31M  gallons I  barrel 

2       barrels i  hogshead 

SQUARE  MEASURE 

144      square  inches    .  i  sq   foot 
9       square  feet     .  .  .  i  sq.  yard. 
,^o,'4  square  yards  . ..  i  sq.  rod 
40       square  rods  .  .   .  i  rood 

4       roods    I  acre 

640       acres i  sq.  mile 

TIME    MEASURE 

60  seconds     i  minute 

60  minutes i  hour 

24  hours    I  day 

7  days I  week 

28,  2g,  30,  or  31  days 

I  calendar  month 
(30  days..  I   month   in   coinputing 
interest.) 

365  days I  year 

366  days I    leap   year 


I  quire 

I  ream  (480  sheets) 

I  bundle 

I  bale 


CIRCULAR    .MEASURE 

60  seconds     i  minute 

60  minutes i  degree 

30  degrees i  sign 

90  degrees i  quadrant 

4  quadrants,  12  signs 

or  360  degrees  .  .  i  circle 

LONG    MEASURE 

1 2  inches i  foot 

3  feet I  yard 

5J-2  yards    i  rod 

40  rods    I  furlong 

5  furlongs i     statute    mile 

3  miles I  league 

CLOTH    MEASURE 

2  '  4  inches i  nail 

4      nails      I  quarter 

4       quarters i  yard 

PAPER    MEASURE 

24  sheets  . 
20  quires   . 

2  reams   . 

5  bundles 

SURVEY"Or's    MEASURE 

7.92  inches i  link 

25  links     I  rod 

4  rods I  chain 

10    sq.    chains    or    160    sq. 

rods I  acre 

640  acres     i  sq.  mile 

36  sq.    miles    (6    miles 

squp.re)    i  townsh'p 

CUBIC    MEASURE 

1,728  cubic  in.  i  cubic  foot 

27  cubic  ft.  I  cubic  yard 

1 28  cubic  ft.  I  cord  (wood) 

40  cubic  ft.  I  ton    (shipping) 
2,150.42  cubic  in.  i  standard  bu. 

231  cubic  in.  i  standard  gal. 

I  cubic  ft.  about  4-5  of  a  bu. 

mariner's    MEASURE 

6       feet    I  fathom 

120       fathoms.,  i  cable    length 
■J  14  cable 

lengths    .  .  I  mile 

:;,28o       feet    i     statute    mil? 

6,085       f^^t    I   nautical   mile 

MISCELLANEOUS 

3  inches i  palm 

4  inches i  hand 

6  inches i  span 

18      inches i  cubit 

21.8  inches i   Bible  cubit 

2.5  feet    I  military    pace 


62 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


F.  P.  Holland 


Trees  Worth  Growing 

F.  P.  Holland.  President 
Texas  Farm  and  Ranch  Publishing  Company,  Dallas,  Texas. 

I  have  often  heard  men  say :  "  I  am  too 
o'.d  to  plant  trees;  I  would  get  no  benefit 
from  trees  planted  by  me  now."  A  man  so 
callous  to  his  duty  to  posterity  does  no  good 
while  living,  and  does  not  deserve  so  grand 
a  monument  as  a  beautiful,  fruitful  tree  to 
mark  his  last  resting  place. 

If  any  man  while  living  has  not  had  the 
opportunity  of  planting  and  caring  for  at 
least  a  few  beautiful  fruit  or  ochcr  trees, 
he  has  been  truly  unfortunate,  and  he 
should  remember  in  his  last  hours  to  say, 
as  did  the  lamented  James  Stephen  Hogg : 

"I  want  no  monument  of  stone  or 
marble,  but  plant  at  my  head  a  pecan 
tree,  and  at  my  feet  an  old-fashioned 
walnut.  And  when  these  trees  shall 
bear,  let  the  pecans  and  walnuts  be  given  out  to  the  plain 
people  that  they  may  plant  them,  and  make  this  a  land  of  trees." 

The  grandest  monument  that  a  man  can  erect  to  his  own  memory  is  a 
judiciously  selected  tree  that  has  been  properly  cared  for  durin,g  his  life- 
time, growing  in  a  place  selected  for  it  by  an  eye  trained  for  beauty 
and  profit. 

Trees  that  do  not  bear  bounteous  drops  of  life-sustaining  food  nuts, 
health-giving  fruits,  or  beautiful  flowers,  or  produce  material  for  fuel, 
fence  post.-^,  or  saw  mill,  are  not  worthy  to  occupy  space  on  land  fertile 
to  grow  them. 

Trees  should  be  known  by  the  quantity  and  value  of  the  nuts,  fruits, 
and  flowers  they  produce,  and  the  memory'  of  the  man  who  planted  and 
cared  for  them  honored  in  proportion  to  the  judgment  with  which  they 
were  selected  and  placed. 

Every  land  owner,  no  matter  how  large  or  small  his  tract,  should 
plant  trees  for  shade  and  ornament,  and  the  trees  should  be  selected  for 
the  value  of  their  products.  Trees  that  bear  nuts  or  fruits  valuable  for 
food,  should  be  considered  first:  and  second,  those  that  make  abundant 
shade  and  produce  beautiful  flowers.  If  there  is  room  only  for  a  limited 
number  of  trees,  only  those  that  produce  abundant  crops  of  food-nuts, 
or  health-giving  fruits  should  be  planted. 

The  pecan  (Hicoria  pecan)  which  has  been  greatly  improved  by 
selection,  .grafting,  and  budding,  should  be  first  considered.  .Aside  from 
its  inestimable  value  because  of  the  excellent  quality  and  quantity  of 
food-nuts  it  bears,  as  a  shade  tree  many  varieties  have  no  peer,  and  the 
■wood  is  equal  to  hickory  for  all  purposes  for  which  hickory  is  used.  It 
ranges  from  Indiana  down  the  Mississippi  valley  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
down  the  Atlantic  coast  from  South  Carolina  to  Florida.  A  rich,  deep 
alluvial  soil  and  a  moi.st  atmosphere  are  necessarv  for  best  results,  but  the 
pecan  thrives  on  many  types  of  soil  when  properly  cultivated. 

Next  in  value  to  the  pecan  is  the  English  or  Persian  walnut  (Jiiglaiis 
regia).  It  is  a  native  of  Western  Asia,  but  is  extensively  grown  in  this 
country.     The  cultivated  range  of  this  nut  is  the  Atlantic  slope  from 

63 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


New  York  south  through  New  Jersey,  southwest  Pennsylvania,  central 
Virginia,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia.  The  tree  when  sheltered  will 
endure  near  the  coast  as  far  north  as  Rliode  Island  and  Massachusetts. 
English  walnuts  have  been  extensively  planted  in  California,  and  the 
nuts  bring  a  handsome  revenue  to  the  growers. 

In  areas  where  more  desirable  nut-bearing  trees  cannot  be  grown, 
the  black  walnut  {Juglans  nigra),  of  which  there  are  many  varieties, 
should  be  considered  for  the  value  of  its  nuts  and  timber.  The  black 
walnut  was  known  and  appreciated  by  the  Romans  The  wood  is  very 
valuable,  and  the 
nuts  of  the  improved 
varieties,  excellent. 
It  prefers  a  rich, 
moist  soil, and  in  cer- 
tain favored  sections 
grows  very  rapidly, 
sometimes  bearing 
as  earlyas  the  fourth 
year  from  seed.  The 
tree  often  grows  to 
theheightof  loofeet, 
and  is  sometimes 
four  feet  indiameter. 
It  is  found  in  nearly 
every  portion  of  the 
United  States,  and  is 
known  to  thrive  on 
many  types  of  soil. 
In  recent  years  the 
walnut  has  been 
planted,  and  pay- 
ing returns  are  re- 
ported in  many  in- 
stances. 

Next  to  be  con- 
sidered are  the  chest- 
nuts, both  Japanese 
(Castanea  japonica) 
and  American  (Cas- 
tanea dentala).  The 
Japan  is  smallerthan 
the  American  chest- 
nut, but  resembles  it  in  many  respects.  It  has  handsome  foliage  and  a 
symmetrical  habit  of  growth.  It  grows  well  in  many  localities  in  this 
country,  and  should  be  extensively  planted. 

The  American  chestnut  has  a  wide  range,  and  should  have  more 
consideration  as  a  nut  and  shade  tree.  It  is  found  native  from  Portland, 
Maine,  through  A'ermont  across  the  province  of  Ontario,  Canada,  to  the 
southern  extremity  of  Lake  Huron,  then  southward  across  Michigan, 
Indiana,  and  Illinois,  almost  to  the  Mississippi  River.  It  is  also  found  in 
many  of  the  southern  states,  and  makes  satisfactory  growth  on  many 
types  of  soil  in  localities  apart  from  its  native  range.  The  nuts  are  rich 
and  nutritious  and  bring  fancy  prices  on  the  market. 

The  butternut  (Juglans  cineria)  is  closely  related  to  the  black  walnut, 
which  it  resembles  both  in  habit  and  botanical  characteristics.  The 
butternut  extends  farther  east  and  north  than  the  walnut.      It  is  not 

64 


Home  of  F.  P,  Holland 

The  trees  in  front  of  the  house  arc  grafted  pecans 

planted  17  years  ago 


IHC  ALMANAC  Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


common  in  the  Southwest,  but  it  ranges  from  southern  New  Brunswick 
to  the  headwaters  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  found  in  great  abundance, 
and  reaches  its  greatest  development  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  River. 
The  trees  bear  comparatively  early,  and  when  cultivated  produce  many 
bushels  of  nuts. 

The  shag-bark  hickory  {Hicoria  ovata)  is  a  very  valuable  tree.  The 
timber  is  tough  and  the  fiber  strong.  It  takes  a  high  polish  and  is  much 
in  demand  where  strength  and  durability  are  wanted.  The  nuts  are 
rich  and  nutritious  and  contain  much  food  value.  The  shag-bark  has 
a  wide  range,  and  may  be  found  from  \ew  York  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  its  native  growth  is 
confined  to  rich  alluvial  bottoms. 

The  Chinkapin  (Castanca  piimtila)  is  similar  to  the  American  chestnut, 
and  is  often  called  "dwarf  chestnut."  It  ran,ges  from  Pennsylvania  to 
Texas.  It  is  the  first  nut  to  reach  the  northern  markets,  and  therefore 
brines  a  fancy  price. 

The  Western  Chinkapin  (Castanopsis  crysophylla)  is  a  habitant  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  tree  is  an  evergreen  with  leaves  smooth 
and  shiny  above,  but  thickly  covered  beneath  with  a  yellow  scale.  The 
growth  varies  from  a  tree  125  feet  tall  to  a  shrub  from  two  to  six  feet  tall. 
The  nuts  are  small  and  have  a  soft  shell.  It  is  a  very  valuable  ornamental 
tree,  and  the  wood  takes  a  fine  polish. 

Next  to  nut-bearing  trees  must  be  considered  fruit  trees,  some  of 
which  answer  well  for  shade  and  timber,  but  the  real  profit  comes  from 
the  fruit.  It  is  useless,  because  of  the  almost  unlimited  variety,  to 
attempt  to  name  or  separate  them.  The  apple,  peach,  plum,  pear,  and 
cherry  are  the  most  valuable,  and  one  or  more  varieties  of  one  or  the 
other  can  be  sticcessfully  grown  in  almost  every  locality ;  in  fact,  there 
are  sections  where  all  can  be  grown  with  more  or  less  success. 

Third,  come  the  trees  that  produce  valuable  timber  and  beautiful 
flowers.  First  in  this  dual  class  is  the  magnificent  magnolia  {Magnolia 
grand; flora),  the  trunks  of  which  in  southeast  Texas  often  measure  eight, 
and  even  more  feet  in  circumference.  This  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
trees  in  our  southern  flora.  An  evergreen  with  broad,  shining  leaves, 
ma.gnificent,  snow-white,  deliciously  fragrant  flowers,  it  lends  a  charm 
to  lawn  or  forest.  The  wood  is  said  to  be  unequaled  for  piano  keys  and 
for  many  other  purposes.  It  is  a  comparatively  rapid  grower,  and  will 
flourish  in  a  wide  area  in  suitable  soils  and   locations. 

It  would  be  impossible  within  reasonable  limits  to  name  the  varieties 
of  trees  most  suitable  to  different  sections,  or  to  give  specific  information 
regarding  planting  and  cultivation.  It  is  a  well  known  fact,  however, 
that  in  taking  up  trees  for  transplanting,  their  roots  should  be  exposed 
as  little  as  possible,  and  not  put  in  deeper  than  where  they  grew. 
The  dirt  should  be  packed  closely  about  the  roots,  and  water  should  not 
be  permitted  to  stand  around  them. 

One  who  has  time,  land,  and  inclination,  will  have  pleasure  in  planting 
untried  varieties,  and  may  find  some  of  them  suitable,  but  generally 
speakin.g  it  is  a  waste  of  time  for  a  fanner  to  experiment  with  trees. 
He  should  get  the  benefit  of  the  experience  of  those  who  have  already 
made  it  a  study. 

Barren  trees,  like  barren  livestock,  are  valuable  only  for  slaughter. 
When  forests  are  denuded,  oil  and  coal  fields  are  exhausted,  the  Pinchot- 
Ballinger  feud  forgotten,  human  ingenuity  will  find  substitutes  for  wood, 
oil,  and  coal,  but  so  lon.g  as  civilization  stands,  man  will  continue  to 
improve  the  quality,  and  increase  the  production  of  nuts,  fruits,  and 
flowers,  and  no  substitutes  will  be  sought  or  wanted. 

The  man  who  owns  land  and  will  not  plant  trees  is  as  short-sighted 
and  amVjitionless  as  a  clam  located  on  a  hard  bottom  in  a  stream  of 
clear  water. 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


Length  of  Germ  Life 

Vegetables  Years 

Cucumber 8  to  lo 

Melon S  to  lo 

Pumpkin 8  to  lo 

Squash 8  to  lo 

Cauliflower 5  to     6 

Artichoke 5  to     G 

Endive ...  5  to     6 

Pea ....  5  to     6 

Radish :  .  .  .4  to     5 

Beets 3  to    4 

Cress 3  to    4 

Lettuce .i  to    4 

Mustard       .1  to    4 

Okra ,^  to    4 

Rhubarb    3  to    4 

Spinach .1  to    4 

Turnip 3  to     6 


in  Various  Seeds 

Vegetables  Years 

Asparagus 2  to  5 

Beans 2  to  j 

Carrots 2  to  5 

Celery 2  to  3 

Co:ti  (on  cob) 2  to  3 

Leek 2  to  3 

Onion  ...  2  to  3 

Parsley 2  to  3 

Parsnip 2  to  3 

Pepper 2  to  3 

Tomato  2  to  3 

Egg   Plant   I  to  2 

Herbs  Years 

Anise 3  to  4 

Caraway 2 

Summer  Savory    i  to  2 

Sage 2  to  3 


Yield  per  Acre  of  Various  Seed  Crops 

Under  ordinary  conditions  of  weather  and  soil  the  following  yields  of 
seed  crops  will  be  considered  a  fair  average: 


Beans    1200  llis. 

Peas 2000 

Summer  squash 500 

Winter  squash ,iOo 

Sweet  com 2000 


Cucumbers      500  lbs 

Muskmelons 400 

Watermelons 800 

Tomato 300 

Cabbage 500 


When  to  Plant  Seeds 

The  seeds  listed  below  are  divided  into  two  classes  according  to  the 
temperature  at  which  they  will  germinate  and  can  be  safely  planted. 

Class  I  includes  seeds  that  will  sprout  in  an  average  temperature  of 
45  degrees  in  the  shade,  which  is  about  the  temperature  at  the  time  peach 
and  plum  trees  blossom. 

Class  2  includes  those  seeds  which  will  germinate  at  an  average  tem- 
perature of  60  degrees  in  the  shade,  the  temperature  about  the  time  when 
the  apple  trees  bloom. 

Class  I 
Beet  Barley  Parsley 

Oats  Parsnip  Carrot 

Rye  Onion  Cabbage 

Wheat  Pea  Cauliflower 

Red  clover  Radish  Endive 

Crimson  clover  Turnip  Kale 

Grasses  Spinach  Lettuce 

These  can  be  planted  with  safety  in  the  spring  as  soon  as  the  ground 
can  be  prepared,  and  some  of  them,  if  planted  in  the  fall,  live  through  the 
p/inter. 

Class   II 
Alfalfa  Squash  Soy  bean 

Cow-pea  Cucumber  Pole  bean 

Com  Pumpkin  String  bean 

Cotton  Tomato  Melon 

Egg  plant  Pepper  Okra 

66 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^  EKCYCLOPEDIA, 


Length  of  Time  Trees  and  Bushes  will  Bear 


Apple 

Blackberry  . 
Currant . . .  . 
Gooseberry 
Peach  


.2^—40  years 

.  6-14    ■; 

20 

20 


Pear 50-7 ;  years 

Plum 20-25 

Raspberry 6-1 ; 

Strawberry 1-3 


Usual  Distance  for  Planting  Trees 


No.  feet 
each  way 

Apples 30  to  40 

Apples,  dwarf  ...  .  10  to  15 

Pears 20  to  30 

Pears,  dwarf  ...                    .  10  to  15 
Plum 16  to  20 


No.  feet 
each  >vay 

Peaches 16  to  20 

Cherries 1 6  to  2  5 

Apricots 16  to  20 

Nectarines 16  to  20 

Quinces S  to  14 


Time  Required  for  Garden  Seeds  to  Germinate 


Days 

Beans 5-10 

Beet 7-10 

Cabbage 5-10 

Carrot 12-18 

Cauliflower 5-10 

Celery 10-20 

Com 5~  8 

Cucumber 6-10 

Endive i-io 


Days 

6-  8 


Lettuce     

Onion  .  .  

Pea 

Parsnip 

Pepper 

Radish 3-6 

Tomato 6—12 

Turnip 4—8 


7-10 

6—10 

10—20 

9-14 


Quantity  of  Seeds  Necessary  to  Sow  an  Acre 


Asparagus 

Beans,  dwarf 

Beans,  pole 

Beet 

Buckwheat 

Cabbage 

Carrot 

Cauliflower .... 

Celery 

Clover 

Clover,  crimson 

Corn 

Cow-pea 

Cucumber ... 

Cress,  water 

Cress,  upland  .... 

Egg-plant 

Grass 

Kale,  or  sprouts  .  . 

Lettuce 

*Per  1000  plants 


5  lbs.  Melon,  musk 

I '  2  bus.  Melon ,  wat  -»r 

12  qts.  Mustard 

6  lbs.  Onion 

1  bu.  Onion  seed  for  sets  . 

'4  bu.  Onion  sets 

4  lbs.  Orchard  grass 

*i  oz.  Parsnip 

* '  <  oz.  Peas 

16  lbs.  Potato  (cut-tubers)  . 

16  lbs.  Pumpkin 

10  qts.  Radish 

2  bus.  Rye 

2  lbs.  Sage 

3  lbs.  Spinach 

3  lbs.  Squash,  bush  .  . 
*i  oz.  Squash,  running. 

4  bus.  Tomato 

4  bus.  Turnip 

*i  oz.  Vetch   


5  lbs. 

5  lbs. 
' ,'  bu. 

6  lbs. 
30  lbs. 
12  bus. 
30  lbs. 
'  6  lbs. 

2  bus. 
S  bus. 

5  lbs. 
10  lbs. 

I  '  J  bus. 
ID  lbs. 
1 2  lbs. 

6  lbs. 
4  lbs. 

'4  lbs. 
2  lbs. 
I  bu. 


67 


^^m^JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  EKCYCLOPEDIA^^^^ 


Usual  Weights  per  Bushel  of  Seed 


Kind  of  Seed 


per 
Bushel 


60 
60 

15 
15 
15 
60 
60 


Alfalfa 

Amber  cano    45- 

Bent  grass: 

Creeping 

Rhode  Island   

Bermuda  grass   

Bird's-foot  clover    

Bitter  vetch   

Blue  grass: 

Canada    14- 

Kentucky 14- 

Texas     

Broad  bean     50- 

Brome.  awnless 10- 

Broom  com 45- 

Burr  clover: 

Hulled 

Unhulled 8- 

Spotted   

Castor  bean    46- 

Clover : 

Alsike    

Crimson      

Egyptian      

Mammoth   

Red 

White    

Cowpea 56- 

Crested  dog's  tail 14-30 

Fescue : 

Hard t  2-60 

Meadow 1 4-2  4 

Red 12-15 

Sheep's    ifi 

Tall    14-24 

Various  leaved 15 

Flat  pea    50-60 

Flax 4S-56 

Hemp    40-60 

Japan  clover: 

Hulled   60 

Unhulled 18-25 

Johnson  grass 14-2S 

Kafir  com 50-60 

Lentil     60 

Lupine,  white 5o-6p 

Meadow  foxtail    7-14 

Meadow  grass: 

Fowl    11-14 

Rough-stalked 14-20 


14 
60 
14 
60 

60 

10 
60 
■60 

60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
-60 


Kind  of  Seed 


Pounds 

per 
Bushel 


Meadow  grass-Continued 

Wood 14-24 

Millet: 

Barnyard     30-60 

Broom  com 45—60 

Common 48-50 

German   48-50 

Golden  Wonder 48-50 

Hungarian     48-50 

Pearl 48-56 

Milo  maize    50-60 

Oat  grass: 

Tall    10-14 

Yellow 7-14 

Orange  cane 45-60 

Orchard  grass 10-iS 

Pea: 

Field    60 

Garden,  smooth 60 

Garden,  wrinkled 56 

Peanut     20-30 

Rape,  winter    50-60 

Redtop : 

Chaff 10-14 

Fancy    25-4° 

Rescue  grass 12—28 

Rice 43-45 

Rye  grass: 

English 28 

Italian    12 

Sainfoin 14-32 

Serradelia 28-36 

Soy  bean 58-60 

Spelt    40-60 

Sunflower 24-50 

Sweet  clover: 

Hulled 60 

Unhulled 33 

Sweet    com    (according  to 

variety)   36-56 

Sweet  vernal,  perennial    .  .  6-15 

Teosinte    40-60 

Timothy 45 

Velvet-  bean    60 

Vetch : 

Hairy 50-60 

Spring 60 

Water  grass,  large 14 

Wild  rice 15-28 

Yellow  trefoil 60 


68 


^JHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA ^^3^^ 


Sanitation  in  the  Country 

Henry  Wallace,  Editor  Wallace's  Farmer, 
Des  Moines,  la. 

It  is  now  generally  conceded  that  whatever  other 
causes  may  have  combined  to  increase  the  cost  of 
living,  one'  of  the  leading  causes  has  been  the  de- 
creasing supply  of  farm  products  combined  with  an 
increased  demand.  There  are  too  many  people  living 
in  town,  too  few  living  in  the  country;  too  many 
food  consumers,  too  few  food,  producers. 

It  is  also  generally  conceded  that  labor  is  the 
limiting  factor  in  crop  production.  Notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  the  disk  has  superseded  the  harrow; 
the  one  and  two  row  cultivator,  the'  old-fashioned 
single  and  double  shovel  plow;  the  binder,  the  sickle 
and  cradle;  the  mower,  the  scythe;  the  horse  rake, 
the    hand    rake;    the    hay    loader,   the    fork;    the 

com  binder,  the  old  com  knife;  notwithstanding  all  these  wonderful 
improvements  in  modem  machinery,  which  multiply  the  efficiency  of 
labor  many  fold,  the  amount  of  crops  in  the  United  States  is  largely 
limited  by  the  supply  of  skilled  labor  on  the  farms.  Improved  machinery, 
while  multiplying  the  efficiency  of  the  individual  worker,  reduces  the 
number  of  workers  by  practically  excluding  from  farm  work  all  but 
the  farm  bom  and  farm  bred,  and  those  bom  and  bred  in  practically  the 
same  environment  in  which  the  work  is  to  be  done. 

To  increase  rural  population,  train  the  young  to  farm  work,  keep 
them  in  vigorous  health,  imbue  them  with  the  farm  spirit,  and  then  keep 
them  on  the  farm  is  a  problem  that  interests  and  concerns  the  townsman 
quite  as  much  as  it  does  the  farmer  himself. 

In  sections  where  rotation  of  crops  renders  stock  growing  and  im- 
proved farm  machinery  necessary,  we  cannot  use  the  labor  that  comes  to 
us  from  .southern  Europe.  We  are  now  getting  but  little  from  northern 
Europe  and  the  British  Isles.  We  cannot  use  the  Oriental,  nor  can  we 
use  the  town  "back-to-the-lander"  unless  we  get  him  young.  ^  The 
farm  must,  therefore,  grow  its  own  labor,  and  that  of  the  highest  efficiency 
physical,  mental,  and  moral. 

The  farm  should  be  the  healthiest  place  in  the  land  ;  but  unfortunately 
it  is  not.  There  is  no  lack  of  sunshine,  and  outside  the  home  there  is  no 
lack  of  pure  air.  There  need  be  no  lack  of  pure  wholesome  food,  and 
certainly  there  is  no  lack  of  exercise.  The  main  cause  of  sickness  and 
death  and  of  inefficiency  in  the  survivors  is  lack  of  sanitation  in  country 
homes.  It  was  my  privilege  as  a  member  of  the  Country  Life  Commission 
appointed  by  President  Roosevelt  to  investigate  this  subject  over  the 
length  and  breadth  of  the  United  States. 

To  my  great  surprise,  I  leamed  that  about  one-fifth  of  the  children 
of  what  used  to  be  known  as  the  "poor  white  "  and  who  are  now  known 
as  the  one-mule  farmer,  on  the  sandy  soils  of  the  South,  notably  on  the 
Atlantic  littoral,  die  in  infancy  from  the  effects  of  foot-itch,  toe-itch, 
ground-itch,  as  it  is  variously  called,  due  to  a  parasite  which  breeds  in 
human  excrement  and  enters  the  system  through  the  feet.  (This  par- 
asite completes  its  life  history  in  about  two  months.)  It  also  decreases 
the  efficiency  of  the  adult  from  20  to  50  per  cent  by  decreasing  the  red 
corpuscles  of  the  blood.  It  does  not  affect  people  living  in  cities  or  towns 
who   wear  shoes   and   have  sanitary  outdoor  water  closets  or  modem 

69 


JHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA  ji^^- 

conveniences  in  the  home.  It  is  to  check  the  ravages  of  this  disease  and 
thus  increase  the  supply  and  efficiency  of  farm  labor  in  the  southern 
states,  where  it  is  so  greatly  needed.that  Mr.  Rockefeller  has  given  a  million 
dollars  into  the  hands  of  scientists  competent  to  deal  with  the  problem. 
In  the  mountain  sections  of  these  states  we  found  the  numbers  and 
efficiency  of  the  population  greatly  decreased  by  the  prevalence  of  typhoid 
fever  and  consumption.  In  fact,  typhoid  fever  is  now  recognized  as 
largely  a  rural  disease,  and  as  a  rule  is  rarely  found  in  cities  except  in 
the  slums  and  places  where  there  is  the  greatest  lack  of  sanitation. 

In  the  com  belt  states  we  found  the  country  slaughter  house,  usually 
somewhere  near  the  town,  at  the  head  of  a  slough,  each  slaughter 
shop  at  the  head  of  a  different  slough,  never  grouped  together.  To 
this  the  farmer  takes  his  cattle  which  he  suspects  are  tuberculous  and  which 
he  fears  to  take  to  the  city  slaughter  house  under  government  inspection. 
The  butcher  feeds  the  offal  of  these  cattle  to  his  hogs,  which  inevitably 
liecome  tuberculous;  and  as  there  is  no  government  inspection,  the  flesh 
of  both  hogs  and  cattle  is  sold  in  the  nei.ghboring  town.  These  country 
slaughter  houses  are  always  infested  with  rats,  and  as  there  is  a  small 
percentage  of  trichinosis  among  the  hogs,  the  rats,  being  the  natural  hosts 
of  the  trichina,  cany  the  disease  to  neighboring  farms,  where  the  chickens, 
in  their  craving  for  animal  food,  especially  during  the  winter  season, 
devour  the  carcasses  of  the  slaughtered  rats.  It  is  fortunate  that  we 
cook  our  chickens. 

The  great  source  of  death  and  inefficiency  in  the  country,  however, 
is  the  general  unsanitary  condition  of  the  farm  home.  The  farmer  liv- 
ing in  an  unsanitary  farm  home  is  especially  liable  to  typhoid  fever  and 
consumption,  the  two  great  scourges  of  the  rural  districts. 

Typhoid  fever  is  generally  due  to  impure  water;  and  the  water  is 
generally  rendered  impure  by  reason  of  an  open  privy,  from  which  the 
impurity  enters  the  well  by  surface  wash,  or  by  seepage  underground. 
It  may  also  be  carried  by  flies  from  some  place  in  the  neighborhood  where 
there  is  a  case  of  typhoid  fever.  Both  these  diseases  are  now  well  under- 
stood to  be  germ  diseases.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  avoid  typhoid 
fever. 

It  is  not  so  easy  to  avoid  consumption,  for  the  reason  that  there  is 
more  or  less  tuberculosis  among  the  cattle  on  a  considerable  per  cent  of 
the  farms.  Where  there  is  tuberculosis  among  the  cattle,  there  is  tuber- 
culosis among  the  hogs  and  the  chickens.  In  fact,  the  entire  country  is 
so  infected  with  tuberculous  germs  that  the  main  effort  should  lie  in  the 
direction  of  so  increasing  the  vitality  of  the  individual  that  the  system 
can  throw  off  the  infection. 

The  reason  why  so  many  farmers'  children,  and  especially  girls,  are 
affected  with  tuberculosis  is  that  there  is  lack  both  of  sunlight  and 
ventilation  in  the  average  farm  home.  This  could  be  easily  remedied,  if 
farmers  only  understood  the  necessity  for  pure  air  and  sunlight,  as  well 
as  pure  food  and  exercise.  While  no  lack  of  ventilation  will  in  itself 
produce  tuberculosis,  the  lack  of  vitality  due  to  an  insufficient  supply  of 
fresh  air,  especially  at  night,  renders  the  system  vmable  to  resist  the  germ 
when  introduced. 

The  primitive  country  home  was  better  ventilated  than  the  modem 
house.  It  was  made  of  timber,  much  of  it  green,  which,  therefore,  shrank 
and  there  was  no  especial  need  of  providing  for  ventilation,  particularly 
as  most  of  them  had  fireplaces.  In  my  boyhood  it  was  a  common  remark 
that  a  new  house  meant  a  death  in  the  family.  This  was  probably  a 
superstition,  and  yet  most  superstitions  have  a  foundation  of  fact.  The 
fact  was  that  the  builder  built  then,  as  he  does  now,  for  economy  of 

70 


f 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCfCLOPEDIA, 


heating,  and  for  looks,  and  never  thought  of  the  necessity  of  supplying 
plenty  of  fresh  air,  especially  in  the  sleeping  rooms  at  night.  All  this 
is  easily  remedied,  and  we  briefly  sum  up  what  is  essential  to  the  sanitary 
country  home,  a  home  in  which  the  boys  and  girls  may  grow  up  into  vig- 
orous and  sturdy  manhood  and  womanhood. 

First,  there  should  be  proper  drainage  to  the  cellar,  and  this  drainage 
should  be  put  in  before  the  fotmdation  of  the  house  is  laid.  The  tile 
should  be  two  feet  under  the  cellar  floor.  The  cellar  should  be  cemented. 
It  is  useless  to  cement  an  undrained  cellar  for  the  pressure  of  the  water 
outside  in  a  wet  season  will  break  the  cement. 

Second,  provision  should  be  made  for  ventilation,  particularly  of 
the  sleeping  rooms.  A  chimney  in  the  center  of  the  house,  commencing 
in  the  cellar,  with  a  brick  or  two  left  out  at  the  bottom  and  also  on  each 
floor,  and  the  opening  covered  wii.h  perforated  iron,  will  draw  off  the  air 
wTiich  has  been  deprived  of  its  oxygen  by  breathing.  Air  can  be  introduced 
by  lowering  the  top  sash  of  the  window,  or  by  using  muslin  instead  of 
a  sash,  thus  admitting  pure  air  without  a  draft. 

Where  there  are  modem  improvements  — and  sooner  or  later  these 
will  be  found  in  all  country  homes —  including  bathroom  and  sanitan,- 
closet,  the  waste  substances  can  be  washed  into  a  septic  tank,  from  which 
the  water  flows  chemically  pure.  (It  is  not  necessary  to  explain  the 
philosophy  of  this  now.)  Meanwhile  until  these  modem  improvements 
are  introduced,  the  privy  should  be  removed  from  the  vicinity  of  the 
well,  placed  lower  than  the  well,  if  possible,  and  with  no  connection  by 
reason  of  sandy  streaks  in  the  under  soil.  As  long  as  farmers  are  obliged 
to  use  surface  wells,  these  should  be  curbed  with  stone  or  brick  and  pro- 
tected from  wash  and  the  entrance  of  small  animals. 

One  other  thing  is  quite  essential,  and  that  is  that  the  farm  home 
should  be  screened  again.st  flies.  Flies  breed  in  dung,  a  fact  well  known 
to  the  ancient  Philistines,  who  worshipped  Beelzebub,  the  fly-god.  The 
modem  Beelzebub  loves  filth,  the  sore  shoulders  of  horses,  and  the  privy 
vault,  and  has  the  bad  habit  of  not  wiping  its  feet.  The  hauling  out  of 
the  manure  as  fast  as  made,  the  closed  privy  disinfected  daily  with  dry 
earth,  or  copperas  or  lime,  will  frequently  save  the  family  from  typhoid 
fever,  to  say  nothing  of  adding  to  the  peace  and  comfort  which  should 
be  in  every  farm  home. 

If  there  were  no  other  reasons  involved  and  no  other  considerations 
than  the  scarcity  of  labor,  we  cannot  afford  the  loss  sufl'ered  by  the  farm 
folk  by  reason  of  lack  of  sanitation  in  the  farm  home. 

IHC  Hay  Presses 

Power  on  I  H  C  hay  presses  is  applied  with  a  pull  instead  of  a  push. 
The  presses  are  so  desi,gn;d  that  they  give  greater  pressure   with  the 

sa  ne    amount    of     power    than 
any  other  presses  of  equal  size. 

IHC  hay  presses  are  made 

w;t'i  three  sizes  of  bale  chambers: 

i-horse      press,      14x18    inch 

bale  chamber. 

,  H  C  2.horse  Pull  Power  Hay  Press  ^    2-horse      press.       14X.S      inch, 

Telescoped  for  Transportation  l6xii>      mch,        17x22      mch      bale 

chamber. 
Motor   baling    press,    :4Xi3     injh,    i6xiS    injh.    17x22     injh     bale 
chamber. 

Motor  presses  are  equipped  with  3,  4.  or  6-horse  power  I  M  C  gasoline 
engines. 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA 


Mixing  Concrete  on  the  Farm 

Concrete  is  the  farmer's  new  ally  and  friend.  With  the  aid  of  Port- 
land cement  and  gravel,  or  broken  stone,  he  mixes  a  soft,  muddy  slush, 
pours  it  into  forms,  it  hardens — behold!  he  ha-j  made  stone  that,  if  the  in- 
gredients are  rightly  proportioned,  will  endure  as  long  as  time.  Thus 
watering  troughs,  foundations,  floors,  silos,  dairy  rooms,  water  tanks,  and 
a  thousand  useful  things  can  be  made. 

Any  one  can  make  good  concrete.  It  needs  care.  Use  only  the  best 
Portland  cements ;  they  are  all  cheap  now.  Get  the  right  proportion  of 
cement  to  your  gravel  or  broken  stone.  Most  farmers  can  find  gravel 
naturally  intermixed  with  sand.  Such  stuff  makes  good  concrete  when 
the  right  amounts  of  cement  and  water  are  added  and  it  is  mixed  well. 
One  must  add  cement  enough  to  fill  all  air  spaces  between  the  grains  of 
sand  and  thus  make  the  concrete  dense.  With  gravel  and  sand  mixed 
by  nature  a  proportion  of  i  of  cement  to  5  of  gravel,  by  measure,  is  good 
for  most  work.  For  surfacing  or  work  requiring  extra  strength  it  may 
be  made  stronger  by  adding  a  little  more  cement. 

Make  a  measuring  box  that  will  hold  exactly  one-half  cubic  yard, 
with  no  bottom.  If  it  is  made  of  12-inch  boaras,  it  may  be  40',  inches 
wide  and  48  inches  long,  inside  measurement.  This  holds  just  one-half 
a  cubic  yard.  Lay  this  down  on  a  board  platform,  or  on  the  hard,  smooth 
earth.  Throw  in  a  few  inches  of  gravel,  then  empty  a  sack  of  cement, 
spreading  it  around  evenly,  then  heap  in  more  gravel,  then  another  sack 
of  cement.  Fill  it  a  little  less  than  level  full  for  a  one-fifth  mixture. 
Lift  off  the  box  and  set  to  one  side.  Shovel  it  from  this  pile  to  a  new 
place  at  one  side.  Take  each  shovelful  exactly  from  the  bottom  of  the 
pile  and  lay  it  exactly  on  the  top  of  the  new  pile.  Be  careful  about  this, 
for  on  it  depends  the  thoroughness  of  your  mixing.  Make  the  new  pile 
as  tall  and  cone-shaped  as  possible,  and  take  each  shovelful  exactly  from 
the  bottom  of  the  first  pile.  Then  move  the  stuff  again  back  where  it  lay, 
using  the  same  exact  care.  One  will  see  the  reason  for  this  method  as 
he  does  the  work;  every  shovelful  laid  on  the  peak  of  this  cone-shaped 
pile  rolls  down  on  each  side  and  distributes  the  particles.  Shovel  it 
three  times.  Then  wet  it  down  by  sprinkling  on  one  side  with  a  large 
.sprinkling  can.  Don't  wash  the  cement  ofi^  the  pebbles;  hoe  the  moistened 
stuff  down  as  fast  as  it  is  wet.  Make  it  quite  wet,  but  never  sloppy — as 
wet  as  you  can  make  it  and  have  all  the  water  well  soaked  in — no  water 
on  top  of  it.  Then  hurry  it  into  the  fonns.  Don't  let  it  set  while  you 
go  to  dinner;  it  won't  be  so  good.  As  you  put  it  in  the  forms  chum  it  with 
a  board  or  stick ;  agitate  it  to  get  all  the  air-bubbles  out.  Keep  it  moist. 
It  takes  ten  days  for  concrete  to  get  hard,  and  for  thirty  days  it  ought  to 

be  kept  moist,  if  possible. 
It  is  about  as  strong  as 
ever  it  will  be  in  forty-five 
days.  Cover  concrete 
fence  posts  with  moist 
earth  or  sawdust  or  sand 
so  they  can't  dry  out  till 
they  are  seasoned.  Be 
sure  they  are  well  rein- 
forced with  steel,  well 
placed.  No  "expert"  is 
needed  to  do  concrete 
work  on  the  farm,  only 
good  common  sense  and 
a  handy  man  to  build 
IHC  engine  operating  a  concrete  mi.xer  forms. 


72 


JHC  ALMANAC  'S^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


Weber  Farm  Wagon 


Points  of  a  Good  Farm  Wagon 

Wood  Stock. — The  wood  stock  is  really  the  foundation  o£  the  wagon 
so  that  it  pays  to  know  what  stock  is  put  into  the  wagon  you  buy. 
Axles. — Black  hickory  of  the  highest  grade  makes  the  best  axle. 
Running   Gears. — Oak    should   be   used   throughout   and   the   parts 
should  be  soaked  in  boiled  oil  to  protect  them  from  moisture.      The  parts 
should  be  carefully  ironed. 

Skeins. — Skeins  should  be 
heavy  and  designed  especially 
for  stren,gth,  width  of  throat, 
and  correct  taper. 

Skein  Boxes.  —  The  skein 
boxes  shovild  fit  the  skeins 
closely  and  accurately  to  re- 
tain the  grease  and  to  produce 
light  draft. 

Hubs. — Hubs  should  be 
made  of  the  best  quality  white 
oak  as  first  choice  or  Maine 
birch  as  second  choice.  They 
should  be  carefully  air  seasoned  to  prevent  splitting  and  checking  as  far 
as  possible. 

Wheels. — A-grade  hickory  or  oak  spokes  only  should  be  used  and 
they  should  be  driven  in  hot  glue.  Rims  should  be  of  oak  and  all  parts 
should  be  thorou.ghly  soaked  in  boiled  oil  before  the  tires  are  set  to 
exclude  moisture  and  prolong  the  life  of  the  parts. 

Tires. — Tires  should  be  steel  and  set  while  hot  to  prevent  them  coming 
loose. 

Boxes. — Boxes  should  be  very  carefully  made  from  the  best  quality  of 
box  board  lumber.  The  bottom  should  have  a  double  thickness  of  material 
where  it  rests  on  the  front  and  rear  holster,  and  bottom  boards  should 
be  tongued  and  grooved.  It  should  be  carefully  and  thoroughly  ironed. 
Painting  and  Finishing. — No  expense  should  be  spared  in  the  prep- 
aration of  the  paint.  Good  painting  lends  attractiveness  and  durability. 
Warranty. — By  all  means  buy  a  wagon  which  is  warranted  by  a 
responsible   companv.        .-\ny    breakage    which    may    occur     within    a 

year  from  the   date  of  purchase- 
and    which    is 
workmanship 
be  made  good. 

Weber  and  Columbus  farm 
wagons  and  trucks  embody  every 
point  of  a  good  farm  wagon  enu- 
merated above.  They  are  con- 
scientiously made  of  good,  thor- 
oughly seasoned  material  of  ample 
strength.  Every  Weber  and  Co- 
himljus  wagon  carries  with  it  an 
International  Harvester  Company 
of  America  warranty,  which  is 
recognized  the  world  over  as  the 


due   to   defective 
or    material,    will 


Columbus  Farm  Wagon 


best  to  be  had.     When  you  purchase  either  a  V/eber  or  ColumVms  wagon 
you  get  a  good  wagon. 


Look  for  the  I  H    C   trade  mark.     It  is  a 
seal  of  excellence  and  a  guarantee  of  quality 


73 


W J HC  ALMANAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Modern  Dairy  Barns  and  Silos  —  Courtesy  Breeders  Gazette,  Chicago 


Building  Silos 


In  building  silos  there  are  several  verv'  important  considerations  which 
must  be  kept  in  mind. 

First:  The  silo  must  be  air-tight.  If  it  i.^  not  air-ti.c;ht,  fermentation 
will  set  in  and  the  bacteria  will  multiply  so  rapidly  tliat  the  mass  will 
become  heated  and  acid  will  form.  Putrefactive  bacteria  wnll  then  carry 
on  the  work  of  the  acid  bacteria  and  the  silage  will  rot. 

Second:  The  silo  must  have  smooth  perpendicular  walls,  so  that  the 
mass  can  settle  without  forming  cavities  along  the  sides.  If  cavities 
form,  air  spaces  occur,  which  will  cause  surrounding  silage  to  spoil. 

Third:  The  walls  of  the  silo  must  be  rigid.  There  is  a  lateral  pres- 
sure in  the  silo  when  the  fodder  settles,  and  if  the  walls  are  not  rigid  they 
will  spring,  thereby  admitting  air  and  causing  decay  of  the  silage. 

Capacity  of  Silos:  As  a  rule  not  over  forty  pounds  of  silage  should 
be  fed  daily  per  head.  Forty  pounds  is  the  average  weight  of  one  cubic 
foot  of  corn  silage.  Assuming  that  a  cow  is  fed  this  amoimt  on  an  average 
daily  during  a  season  of  i8o  daj's,  we  find  that  about  iSo  or  190  cubic 
feet  will  be  allowed  for  each  head,  or  approximately  four  tons,  because 
one  ton  of  silage  will  occiipy  fifty  cubic  feet.  If  a  farmer  is  feeding  ten 
cows  he  should  have  a  silo  that  W'ill  hold  forty  tons:  if  feeding  twenty- 
five  cows,  he  should  have  a  silo  that  will  hold  one  hundred  tons.  The 
capacity  of  rectangular  silos  is  easily  figured,  as  it  is  only  a  case  of  :nultipli- 
cation.  The  capacity  of  round  silos,  however,  is  not  as  readily  computed, 
so  that  the  table  below  gives  at  a  glance  the  approximate  number  of 
tons  that  can  be  stored  in  a  round  silo  from  ten  to  twenty-six  feet  in 
diameter  and  from  twenty  to  thirty-tv.'o  feet  deep. 


Table  Giving  the   Approximate    Capacity    in    Tons   of   Cylindrical 
Silos   for  Well  Matured   Corn  Silage 


Depth  of 

Inside  Diameter  of  Silo— feet 

Silo- 
feet 

10 

12 

14 

15 

16 

tS 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

20 

21 

22 

23. •  ■ . . 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

.1° 

3t 

32 

2(1 
28 
30 
32 

34 
3fi 
5S 
40 
42 
45 
47 
40 
51 

40 
43 
46 
40 
52 
S.S 

ss 
61 

64 

70 

7  I 

51 
55 
59 
62 
66 
70 
74 
78 
S3 
88 
93 
96 
101 

59 
63 
67 
72 
75 
81 
85 

QO 

95 

100 
lOS 
1 10 

1 1  > 

67 

72 

77 

82 

87 

0° 

97 

103 

108 

114 

110 

125 

131 

85 
91 
97 
103 
no 
1:6 
123 
130 
137 
144 
I  51 

166 

105 
112 
120 
128 
135 
143 
152 
160 
169 
178 
187 
10^ 

20^ 

US 
123 
132 
141 
149 

1^8 
I  OS 
177 
186 
196 
206 
215 
226 

127 
13s 
14s 
154 
164 
173 
1 84 
194 
204 
215 
226 
236 
248 

.38 
148 
X58 
169 
179 
100 
201 
2  I  2 
223 
235 
247 
25S 
271 

151 

161 
172 
1 84 
105 
206 
219 
231 
243 
256 
269 
282 
2)5 

163 

175 
1S7 
199 

212 
224 
237 
251 
264 
278 
292 

3°5 
320 

177 
180 
202 
216 
220 
242 
257 
271 
285 
300 
315 
330 
346 

74 


IHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


The  table  below  shows  at  a  glance  how  much  silage  is  needed  for  dairj' 
herds  of  six  to  fifty  heads,  the  size  of  silo  needed,  and  the  number  of  acres 
to  plant  to  com  in  each  instance.  It  is  assumed  that  forty  pounds  of 
silage  will  be  fed  per  day  per  head  for  a  season  of  i8o  days. 


Size  of  Silos  Needed — (Harder) 


No 

hi 

Size  of  Silo 
needed 

A  verage 
Acres  of 

Com 
needed 

No. 

of 

Cows 

H 

.§ES 

Size  of  Silo 
needed 

Average 
Acres  of 

of 
Cows 

Diam. 
Ft. 

Height 
Ft. 

Diam. 

Ft. 

Height 
Ft. 

Corn 
needed 

6 

20 

0 

10 

20  \ 
10  1 

I  to  2 

14 

3S 

34  1 

<> 

50 

10 

1 1 
10 

22  I 

20  J 

20'\ 

2  to    ;, 

loS 

lO 

1 7 

.33  r 
2.SI 

2.,J 

S  to  0 

I,! 

4.i 

12 

2  0_) 

3  to  4 

3  5 

,., 

';^ 

35/ 

Q  to  10 

21 

74 

I  I 
1  2 
13 

I  T 
I'. 

^2  1 

24  i 

22  \ 

5  to  6 

4^ 

144 

16 

20  ^ 

1 0   to    I  I 

25 

f>o 

13 

14 

I  5 

3'S  \ 
35  ' 

6  to  7 

45 

5C 

l6j 
I  So 

1  S 

i2    i 
2Q\ 

3;  ^ 

II  to  12 

I  J    lo    1 ^ 

Form  of  Silos 


Round  silos  seem  to 
be  more  satisfactory- 
than  square  silos  for 
several  reasons.  In  the 
first  place,  one  of  the 
essentials  in  silo  build- 
ing is  that  there  shall 
be  a  minimum  of  sur- 
face and  wall  exposure 
of  the  silage,  as  both  the 
cost  and  the  danger 
from  losses  through 
spoiling  are  thereby  re- 
duced. Round  silos  can 
be  built  cheaper  than 
square  ones,  because 
li.ijhter material  maybe 
used.  Wooden  silos 
seem  to  be  more  desir- 
able than  any  other 
kind,  because  they  are  easier  and  cheaper  to  construct  than  concrete 
or  brick  silos.  It  has  been  estimated  that  round  silos  can  be  constructed 
for  about  fourteen  cents  per  square  foot  of  surface. 


_^^^.-. 


IHC  Famous  portable  engine   operating 
a  fodder  cutter 


7S 


IHC  ALMANAC  'S>  ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Up -to -Date  Dairying 

W.  D.  Hoard.  Editor  Hoard's  Dairyman 
Fort  Atkinson,  Wis. 

In  what  does  it  consist?  What  are  meant  by  the  words  used?  "Up- 
to-date"  means  doing  a  thing  with  the  best  knowledge,  the  best  methods 
known  to  the  present  time.  In  dairy  farming,  as  in  all  things  else,  there 
are  all  sorts  of  men.  Some  are  following  the  same  ideas  about  cows, 
about  stables,  about  feeding,  about  farm  management,  that  prevailed 
with  their  fathers  sixty  years  ago.  As  matters  stood  then  this  was  all 
well  enough.  Sixty  years  ago  all  grain  was  cut  by  the  cradle,  except 
such  as  was  cut  with  the  hand  sickle.  What  would  be  thought  of  a  farmer 
who  adhered  to  the  methods  and  ideas  of  grain  farming  in  vogue  sixty 
years  ago  ?  But  we  know  of  plenty  of  farmers  who  have  no  better  ideas 
about  the  dairy  cow  than  existed  then;  who  still  use  the  rigid  stanchion 
in  their  stables,  ju.st  the  same  as  was  used  sixty  years  ago;  who  have  the 
same  notions  about  light  and  pure  air  in  the  stable  that  prevailed  among 
the  most  ignorant  farmers  of  the  nineteenth  century;  who  reject  all 
knowledge  concerning  bacteria  or  disease  germs;  who  sneer  at  the  idea 
of  tuberculosis;  who  disbelieve  in  the  silo,  and  who  cannot  be  prevailed 
upon  to  accept  or  \vy  any  of  the  conclusions  or  methods  of  modem  thought 
or  study. 

The  average  farmer  is  very  consen.'ative.  Why?  Largely  because  of 
a  very  limited  range  of  reading,  study,  contact,  and  obser\'ation.  St. 
Paul's  injunction  to  "Prove  all  things;  hold  fast  to  that  which  is  good," 
is  exchanged  for  holding  fast  alone  to  that  which  he  learned  in  his  youth. 
But  up-to-date  dairying  should  have  a  definition.     What  does  it  require? 

1.  It  requires  the  right  kind  of  a  farmer.  A  man  who  recognizes 
what  science  has  to  give,  what  ;t  is  contributing  to  the  well  being  of  the 
man  behind  the  cow.  It  requires  a  reading,  thinking  student  of  the  farm 
and  the  cow.  A  man  with  an  active,  alert  mind  ready  to  seize  hold  upon 
all  the  advantages  of  modem  knowledge.  This  is  no  place  for  the  farmer 
who  sneers  at  "book  farming,"  who  thinks  that  the  profit  of  dairying 
is  enhanced  in  proportion  as  the  farmer  is  ignorant  of  dairy  principle--. 
Some  men  have  a  way  of  justifying  their  bad  practices  and  comforting 
themselves  in  their  ignorance  by  just  that  kind  of  sneering.  But  it  is 
the  cry  of  weakness,  not  strength. 

2.  It  requires  next  an  intelligent  idea  of  the  modem  dairy  cow;  how 
to  breed  her,  house,  and  care  for  her,  how  to  feed  her  on  a  daily  ration 
that  will  help  bring  out  and  develop  her  dairy  capacity  for  larger  milk 
and  butter  production.  There  is  a  wonderful  difference  in  cows.  This 
can  be  seen  in  the  same  herd  and  especially  by  comparison  of  the  several 
herds  in  the  same  creamery  neighborhood.  Hoard's  Dairyman  has  sent 
out  agents  and  made  a  special  study  of  2,100  herds,  numbering  over  28,000 
cows'in  1 3  states  from  New  Engla'nd  to  Iowa  and  Minnesota.  A  .special 
study  was  made  of  the  owners  of  these  cows,  the  dairy  intelligence  they 
pos.sessed,  the  breed  of  cows  they  kept,  the  way  they  fed  them,  housed 
them,  and  cared  for  them;  and  finally  just  what  it  cost  each  farmer  to 
keep  his  cows.  Then  the  agent  went  to  the  creamerj'  and  obtained  the 
exact  figures  of  the  yield  of  each  herd  in  milk  and  cash.  From  this  we 
figured  just  what  these  cows  earned  for  every  dollar's  worth  of  feed  they 
consumed.  Here  we  could  see  the  part  that  brains  played  in  each  herd. 
When  we  struck  the  reading,  thinking  farmer,  one  who  used  his  mind 
as  well  as  his  hands,  the  profits  went  up  in  some  cases  to  300  per  cent 
for  each  dollar's  worth  of  feed.  When  we  sti-uck  the  ignorant,  non-read- 
ing farmer,  the  profits  went  do-nm  in  some  cases  to  a  loss  of  fifty  cents 
on  every  dollar's  worth  of  feed  consumed. 

76 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^ENCYCLOPEDIA. 

3.  It  requires  a  teachable  spirit  on  the  part  of  the  farmer,  a  willing- 
ness to  admit  his  own  ignorance  and  a  determination  to  put  sound  knowl- 
edge in  place  of  ignorance.  No  class  of  men  in  this  country  to-day  need 
the  stirring  and  stimulating  effect  of  better  study  of  their  own  business 
as  do  the  farmers.  The  proof  of  this  is  seen  in  the  widespread  loss  of 
fertility  in  nearly  all  of  the  farms  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  great 
lakes.  Who  is  responsible  for  this  kind  of  farming  that  in  the  past  fifty 
j'cars  has  wasted  the  natural  resources  of  soil  over  so  wide  a  stretch  of 
territory-?  No  one  el.se  but  the  American  farmer.  When  the  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture  of  the  state  of  New  York  puts  out  the  statement 
that  that  state  has  lost  over  $168,000,000  in  30  years  through  the  decline 
in  the  price  of  farm  lands,  it  is  time  to  ask  the  question :  ' '  Would  the 
New  York  farmers  thus  have  impoverished  themselves  and  their  state  if 
they  had  understood  this  business  of  farming  as  they  should  ?  In  every 
country  in  Europe  the  price  of  farm  land  is  maintained  if  fertility  is 
maintained.  New  York  farmers  have  done  no  worse  than  Ohio  and 
Indiana  farmers,  and  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa  farmers  are  following 
in  their  footsteps  as  fast  as  they  can.  Everywhere  we  see  the  depleting 
effects  of  bad,  ignorant  farming. 

4.  Tliere  must  be  a  closer  study  of  dairy  economics  in  the  use  of 
cows.  In  the  28,000  cows  referred  to  in  Hoard's  Dairyman  cow  cerisus, 
fully  one-third  were  kept  at  a  loss.  Think  of  a  great  body  of  farmers 
imposing  a  tax  of  TiZ  P^r  cent  on  themselves  because  they  will  not  study 
the  economics  of  their  owm  business!  Don't  you  think  it  requires  brain 
action  to  comprehend  the  principles  of  up-to-date  dairy  farming  ?  Thou- 
sands upon  thousands  of  farmer  patrons  of  creameries  are  putting  them- 
selves to  all  the  expense  of  up-to-date  dairying  and  yet  they  persist  in 
keeping  a  low  grade  class  of  cows.  The  lirst  step  towards  improvement 
is  the  purchase  of  a  pure  bred  bull  of  some  one  of  the  dairy  breeds. 
Then  the  farmer  will  put  himself  in  the  way  of  having  profit-bearing  tools 
for  his  use. 

Here  is  an  example  of  what  up-to-date  thinking  will  do  in  the  way 
of  increasing  the  profit  of  cows.  In  this  (Jefferson)  county  is  a  herd  of 
cows  w'hich  the  owner  has  developed  practically  in  the  past  twelve  years. 
He  has  followed  enlightened  ideas  in  every  particular.  This  herd  of 
29  cows  last  yearaveraged  8.234  pounds  of  milk  and  420  pounds  of  butter 
fat.  The  average  price  of  butter  fat  at  the  local  creamery  the  past  year 
was  32  cents  a  potmd.  So  if  the  cream  of  this  herd  had  all  been  taken  to 
the  local  creameiy  they  would  have  earned  in  gross  S134.40  per  cow. 
The  cost  of  keeping  of  this  herd  was  not  to  exceed  fifty  dollars  per  cow. 
This  leaves  $82.40  as  the  net  return  per  cow  when  considered  from  the 
creamery  standpoint.  Yet  all  about  this  herd  are  farmers  whose  herds 
did  not  average  more  than  $50.00  to  $60.00  per  cow  with  cost  of  keeping 
fully  S40.00  per  cow.  Compare  the  satisfaction  of  doing  business  as  it 
should  be  done  at  a  profit  over  cost  of  feed  of  $82.40  as  against  $10. co 
or  $20.00  per  cow. 

In  the  one  case  up-to-date  ideas  of  dairying  are  practiced  at  every 
turn.  In  the  other,  notions,  that  are  not  ideas,  control  the  farmer. 
In  this  same  herd  pre  seven  two-year-old  heifers  whose  average  produc- 
tion the  first  year  of  their  milking  was  over  8,000  pounds  of  milk  and  403 
pounds  of  butter  fat.  That  shows  what  a  skilful  use  of  breeding  prin- 
ciples and  close  adherence  to  up-to-date  methods  will  do  in  the  way  of 
jirofit.  Aside  from  profit  there  is  vastly  more  of  satisfaction  in  carrying 
on  a  farm  and  dealing  with  the  problem  of  dairying  if  our  intellect,  our 
:imbition,  our  taste,  are  enlisted.  In  a  word,  this  means  progressive 
ideas  and  labor — that  is,  up-to-date  dairying.  But  up-to-date  prin- 
ciples mvtst  be  recognized  and  obeyed. 

n 


IHC  ALMANAC  'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA] 


What  an  I  H  G  Cream  Harvester  Will  Do 


We  are  all  anxious  to  make  as  good  a  living  as  possible  with  no  more 
work  than  necessar}'^.  It  seems  strange  that  so  many  farmers  and  dairy- 
men  should   continue  to  practice  antiquated  methods  of  handling  the 

dairy  product  when  the  new  way — the  separator 

way — eliminates  so  much  of  the  work,  actu«aUy 

transforming   drudgery  into  work  which  cannot 

even  be  called  unpleasant. 

In  the   matter  of  convenience    and   case   of 

operation,  as  well  as  the 

time    involved,    a   hand 

separator    is     far    more 

desirable  than  any  of  the 

oldmethods.    Thebother 

of    setting    countless 

crocks    and    pans  —  the 

primitive    and    wasteful 

method  of  skimming  off 

the    cream,    and    finally 

the   work    and  worry  of 

washing    the    vessels  — 

this    is    all   done   away 

Dairymaid  Cream  Harvester,  .j^^ith    by    the    use    of    a 

made  in  tour  sizes  <  j_         j_     j 

properly  constructed 

hand  separator.      Besides  saving  time,  work,  and 

worry,  an  IHC  Cream  Harvester  will  pay  for  it-  ,    ,,  _ 

self  in  one  season  if  enough  cows  are  milked .   How !'  ^^''tt!deiLlou^Zl^'^'^ 

First,  by  returning  more  butter  fat. 

Second,  by  giving  butter  fat  which  will  always  bring  the  top  market 
price. 

Third,  by  giving  you  fresh,  warm,  sweet  skim  milk  valuable  for  feeding. 

Fourth,  by  reducing  the  cost  of  hauling  the  product  to  market. 

Fifth,  by  enabling  you  to  keep  more  cows  without  additional  labor. 


Corn 


p.  G.  Holden,  Vice  Dean  and  Professor  of  Agronomy, 
Iowa  Agricultural  College,  Ames,  Iowa 

"More  com  of  better  quality  on  every  acre  of  ground"  is  the  motto 
of  every  corn-grower  in  Iowa.  Let  us  each  strive  to  grow  more  and  better 
corn  this  year  than  we  did  last.  This  is  the  secret  of  success.  This  will 
make  us  love  our  work.  Drudgery  is  work  without  thought,  without 
interest,  without  love  for  it.  "The  man  who  can  make  two  ears  of  corn, 
or  two  blades  of  grass,  grow  on  the  spot  where  only  one  grew  before, 
would  deserve  better  of  mankind  and  render  more  essential  service  to  the 
country  than  the  whole  race  of  politicians  put  together." 

The  average  yield  of  com  in  the  United  States  to-day  is  about  25 
bushels  per  acre.  It  can  be  increased  to  30,  then  to  35.  and  ultimately 
to  50. 

To  produce  a  good  crop  of  com  we  must  have  good  land,  good  seed, 
good  preparation  of  the  ground  and  care  of  the  crop,  a  good  s?ason.  and 
last  but  by  no  means  least,  a  good  man.      Important  as  these  things  are. 

78 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


p.  G.  Holden 


I  must  omit  from  this  short  discussion 
all  of  them,  except  the  question  of 
Good  Reed. 

If  I  owned  the  farms  of  the  United 
States  and  could  give  but  four  orders 
regarding  com,  those  orders  would 
l.ic  as  follows: 

1 .  That  every  ear  of  corn  in 
tended  for  planting  bj  tested,  that 
is,  not  less  than  six  kernels  (better 
ten)  be  taken  from  each  ear  and 
sprouted  and  all  weak  and  bad  ears 
discarded. 

2.  That  every  ear  intended  fur 
planting  be  harvested  before  the  fall 
freezes  and  properly  preser\'ed. 

;,.  That  the  corn  be  graded  and 
the  planter  tested  and  made  ready 
to  drop  the  proper  number  of  kernels, 

4.  That  the  corn  l)c  improved 
by  s;lectirg  for  the  average  farm,  say 
100  of  the  best  ears  and  planting  them 
on  one  side  of  the  com  field.  The  seed 
for  the  following  crop  to  be  selected 
in  the  fall  from  the  part  of  the  field 
where  the  best  seed  was  planted. 

\otice  that  all  of  these  are  things 
which  can  be  done  by  every  one;  that  they  cost  practically  nothing 
except  a  little  time  and  work;  that  no  loss  can  possibly  come  to  any  one 
from  properly  testing,  harvesting,  grading,  and  improving  his  seed. 

It  is  difficult  for  us  to  comprehend  the  enormous  wealth  which  woi  Id 
be  added  to  the  United  States  if  these  four  orders  were  carried  out  by 
every  farmer,  and  let  me  again  add  that  they  can  be  carried  out  by 
every  one  and  at  practically  no  increased  expense. 

To  illustrate :  I  presume  that  there  is  hardly  a  person  in  Iowa  but 
who  will  a.grce  with  me  that  if  every  ear  of  seed  com  had  been  tested 
this  spring  before  planting  and  the  weak  and  bad  ears  discarded  so  that 
nothing  but  strong  seed  was  planted,  it  would  have  added  on  the  aver- 
age not  less  than  10  bushels  per  acre  to  the  crop.  In  one  average  county  of 
Iowa  with  go, 000  acres  planted  to  com  annually  there  would  be  an  increase 
of  goo, 000  bushels  worth  $450,000.  But  there  are  gg  counties  each 
growing  an  average  of  go, 000  acres  of  corn. 

It  is  true  that  the  seed  this  3'ear  was  much  worse  than  usvial  owing 
to  the  sappy  condition  of  the  corn  last  fall,  the  early  freezes,  and  the 
unusuallj'  severe  winter  weather,  but  I  am  perfectly  safe  in  saying  that  tho 
annual  average  yield  for  Iowa  could  be  increased  10  bushels  above  the 
present  if  the  four  orders  given  above  were  carried  out  on  every  farm. 

Testing  Every  Ear  of  Corn 

There  are  two  fundamental  reasons  for  testing  each  ear. 

1 .  It  enables  us  to  discard  those  ears  which  have  been  weakene.! 
or  killed  by  freezing,  mould,  or  premature  sprouting  in  the  fall. 

2.  It  enables  us  to  discover  the  scrubs  or  nmts  and  discard  them. 
Let  me  here  caution  you  against  the  delusion  v/hich  some  men  have  that 
thev  can  tell  whether  or  not  coni  will  f^row  by  just  looking  at  it  or  kniling  it. 

How  to  Make  the  Test 

Lay  out  the  seed  ears  side  by  side  on  tables  or  planks  arranged  for 
the  purpose.     Go  over  these  carefully  and  discard  the  poorer  ears.     From 

79 


IHC  ALMANAC  -^  EKCYCLOPEDIA , 


each  of  the  remaining  ears  remove  two  or  three  kernels  with  a  pocket 
knife  placing  them  at  the  butt  or  tip  of  their  respective  ears.  I- rem  a 
study  o£  these  kernels  you  will  be  able  to  discard  many  more  ears,  some 
or  all  of  whose  kernels  are  mouldy,  frozen,  barren  immature,  or  are  too 
shallow  or  too  deep,  too  wide  or  too  narrow,  or  whose  germs  are  small, 
indicating  poor  feeding  value,  weak  constitution,  etc. 


Plate  No.  1 

From  each  of  .he  remaining  ears  remove  2  or  3k7"f'^-  Examine  these  kernels 
anddiscardthoseearswhichhavepoorkernelsand  thus  save  the  work  ot  testmfc 
ears  which  show  from  appearance  that  they  are  not  fit  to  plan.. 

The  remaining  ears  should  now  be  arranged  on  the  planks  side  by 
side  for  the  hnal  termination  test.  Remove  not  less  than  si.x.  better  ten 
kerne°s  from  each  ear  and  place  them  in  the  germination  box  to  sprout^ 
The  Dlace°OT  squares  for  the  kernels  in  the  box  should  be  numbered 
to  correspond  to^the  number  of  the  ear  from  which  the  kernels  were  taken 
Th^°  will  enable  us  to  discard  those  ears  whose  kernels  m  the  box  fail 
?^  grow  or  show  only  weak  sprouts..  Think  for  a  -°--^-^-,  .,f  ™^^^"„^ 
to  use  one  bad  ear  for  seed:  900  missmg  places,  equal  to  300  hil  s,  —on 
^n  acre  not  less  than  4  bushels  of  com.  It  means  wasted  land  and  wasted 
fabor  ?hen  too.t".e  weak  and  sickly  sprouts  will  betray  many  other 
ears  which  are  really  scrubs  and  can  be  dis^:ardcd  ears  which  yield  10, 
20,  and  sometimes  30  bushels  less  per  acre  than  others. 


Plate  No.  2 

Putting  the  kernels  in  the  germination  box  from  ear  No.  1  in  SQuare  N  3.  1. 
ear  No.  2  in  square  No.  2,  and  so  on. 

80 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


It  is  certain  that  not  less  than  35,000  fapners  tested  every  ear  of  seed 
they  planted  this  spring  in  Iowa.  Eveiy  farmer  who  grows  com,  whether 
he  lives  in  the  north  or  south -in  the  east  or  west,  should  test  each  ear 
to  be  planted.  It  is  proverbial  that  a  "runt  pig  "  is  always  a  'runt  pig." 
In  the  struggle  for  existence  he  is  at  a  disadvantage  at  every  turn.  He  is 
crowded  from  his  comfortable  sleeping  place  and  rooted  out  of  the  feed 
trcugh.  So  it  is  with  the  800  or  goo  weaklings  from  an  ear.  They  are  in 
reality  runts,  scattered  there  and  here  throughout  the  field,  and  robbed  of 
plant  food,  moisture,  and  li'ht,  by  their  more  vigorous  growing  brothers. 

Often  they  are  barren,  i.  e.,  produce  no  ears,  but  these  stalks  dp  pro- 
duce tassels  with  millions  of  pollen  grains  which  drift  over  the  field  and 
fertilize  the  ears  of  the  good  stalks.  In  other  words,  these  barren  stalks 
become  the  fathers  of  millions  of  kernels  of  com  in  the  field,  thus  perpetu- 
ating their  weakness.  Remember  that  you  cannot  injure  the  seed  \y 
testing  it.  You  cannot  possibly  lose.  It  costs  nothing  but  a  little  time 
and  labor.  This  work  can  and  should  be  done  in  the  winter  before  the 
spring  work  opens  up.  In  this  way  none  of  the  other  farm  work  is 
neglected. 

How  to  Make  the  Germination  Box     ^. 

One  of  the  simplest  and  best  methods  for  testing  each  ear  of  com 
is  by  the  use  of  what  is  known  as  the  sawdust  germination  box. 

Make  ^  box  3  inches  deep  and  30  x  30  inches  in  size;  fill  it  about 
half  full  with  moist  sawdust  and  tamp  firmly  with  a  brick  Pule  oil  a 
piece  of  good  white  cloth  (sheeting)  into  squares  2%  x  2  !^  inches  each 
way,  checker  board  fashion,  and  number  the  squares  i,  2,3,  etc  Place 
this  .ioth,  which  should  be  the  size  of  the  gennination  box,  on  the  saw- 
dust, and  tack  it  to  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  box.  Lay  the  ears  of  com 
to  be  tested  side  by  side  on  the  floor  or  table.  Remove  six  kernels  Irom- 
six  different  places  in  ear  No.  i  and  placi  them  in  square  No.  i  in  the- 
germination  box  germ  side  up  and  crown  pointing  from  you.  Then 
remove  six  kernels  in  a  like  manner  frum  ear  No.  2  and  place  in  square 
No.  2  in  the  germination  box,  and  so  on.  When  the  squares  in  the  ger- 
mination box  areall  fi'.ed  lay  a  piece  of  good  cloth  over  the  kernels  and 
dampen  by  sprinkling  •«  ater  over  it.  Place  over  this  a  cloth  considerably 
larger  than  the  box  and  fill  the  box  with  moist  sawdust,  tamp  with 
a  brick  or  board  or  tread  on  it  with  your  feet  until  firmly  pa.cked  on  top 
of  the  com.  Keep  the  box  in  a  place  where  it  will  not  freeze;  raise 
the  upper  side  of  the  box  or  the  side  toward  which  the  crowns  of  the 
kernels  point,  3  or  4  inches ;  the  stem  sprouts  will  then  grow  up  and  the 
root  sprouts  down,  thus  making  it  much  easier  to  read  the  test.  It 
requires  about  eight  days  for  the  com  to  germinate.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  roll  back  and  remove  the  cloth  containing  the  top  layer  of  sawdust. 
Now  remove  the  second  cloth  as  carefully  as  possible  and  examine  the  six 
sprouted  kernels  in  each  sqtiare. 

The  above  box  when  completed  and  set  away  for  germination  may  be 
described  briefly  as  follows :  Two  inches  of  sawdust  packed  firmly  in  tlie 
bottom  of  the  box.  On  this  is  laid  the  cloth  ruled  off  in  squares,  then  the 
kernels  laid  in  the  squares,  a  second  cloth  spread  on  the  kernels  and 
dampened,  then  a  third  cloth  much  larger  than  the  box,  on  which  is 
placed  2  inches  more  of  damp  sawdust  packed  firmly.  The  edges  of 
the  larger  cloth  may  be  folded  over  on  the  top  of  the  sawdust. 

Important  Things  to  be  Remembered 

Soak  the  sawdust  at  least  2  hours — better,  over  night.- 
Use  a  good  quality  of  sheeting  for  the  cloth  that  is  ruled  off  in  squares 
and  also  for  the  cloth  covering  the  kernels. 

81 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


Do  not  use  a  cheap,  porous  grade  of  cloth,  as  the  sprouts  will  grow 
through  it  and  greatly  interfere  with  the  work. 

Leave  a  2 -inch  margin  around  the  edges  of  the  box  to  prevent  freez- 
ing and  :irying  out. 

Make  the  squares  to  receive  the  kernels  2}4  ■s.  2\  inches. 

Never  use  the  box  more  than  once  without  thoroughly  scalding  both 
the  sawdust  and  the  cloths. 

To  insure  accurate  reading  the  stem  sprouts  should  be  at  least  two 
inches  long  when  examined. 

Throw  out  all  ears  which  show  weak  germination  as  well  as  ears 
whose  kernels  fail  to  grow. 

Do  not  guess  that  an  ear  of  com  will  grow  and  grow  strong.  Test 
it  and  find  out  before  you  have  wasted  upon  it  a  whole  year  of  labor  and 
the  use  of  your  land. 


Plate  No.  3 

Test  6  kernels  from  each  ear  and  discard  the  bad  and  the  weak  ears. 

Ears  3,  $•  8,  and  10  are  strong. 

Ears  I,  4,  7,  and  12  are  only  fair. 

Ears  2,  6,  9,  and  11  should  be  discarded. 

Is  there  anything  more  foolish  than  to  guess  that  800  or  900  kernels 
on  ears  like  2,6,  11,  etc.,  are  all  right,  when  we  can  find  out  at  practically 
no  expense? 


You  say  that  your  field  was  infected  with  cut  worms,  grubs,  etc. 
How  much  more  need  then  of  strong  seed  that  you  may  have  something 
left  for  yourself  after  feeding  the  worms.  You  say  that  the  spring  is 
cold  and  backward  and  that  this  accounts  for  your  poor  stand  of  corn. 
All  the  more  need  then  of  strong  seed.  Tens  of  thousands  of  farmers  in 
Iowa  this  yeaiihave  good  stands  of  com,  while  there  are  tens  of  thousands 
of  their  neighbors  with  poor  stands,  and  tens  of  thousands  of  others  who 
are  replanting,  which  is  always  most  discoui  aging  and  most  disappointing 
in  results. 

82 


IHC  ALMANAC  'S> ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


You  say  that  your  ground  is  poor  and  foul;  that  the  season  was  too 
wet.  or  too  dry,  and  the  care  of  the  crop  bad.  You  know  as  well  as  I  do 
that  strong,  vigorous  plants  will  stand  these  unfavorable  conditions 
better  than  poor,  weak  ones.  If  your  land  is  rich,  well  prepared,  and  the 
season  good,  how  absolutely  foolish  it  is  to  go  out  to  this  field  and  plant 
it  with  poor  seed,  much  of  which  fails  to  grow  or  gives  only  weak  stalks. 

The  time  is  past  for  guessing  that  the  ooo  kernels  on  an  ear  are  strong. 
We  must  know  before  the  year's  labor  is  put  upon  them. 

During  the  past  seven  years  more  than  10,000  fields  of  growing  corn 
have  been  examined.  In  no  year  has  the  average  exceeded  72%  of  a 
perfect  stand.  It  has  been  as  low  as  64%.  The  average  has  been  67  or 
68%  of  a  stand.  In  other  words  the  average  corn  grower  spends  three 
hours  of  every  day  that  he  works  in  the  com  field  traveling  over  plowed 
ground  that  produces  nothing. 

There  are  many  causes  which  contribute  to  a  poor  stand  of  com,  yet 
every  one  who  has  given  the  question  much  attention  will  agree  with 
me  that  poor  seed  is  by  far  the  greatest  cause  of  the  poor  stand. 

Better  Care  of  Seed  Corn 

We  must  take  better  care  of  our  seed  com.  We  must  harvest  it  in 
the  fall  before  the  severe  freezes.  In  Iowa  and  the  north  half  of  Illinois 
the  last  10  days  in  September  will  be  about  right.  It  should  be  hung  up, 
not  piled  up.  It  is  circulation  of  air  that  is  needed  and  not  heat.  Espe- 
cially is  this  true  during  the  first  two  weeks  after  the  seed  is  harvested, 
while  it  is  still  sappy.  There  is  no  place  better  than  an  up-stairs  room  or 
attic,  where  the  windows  can  be  left  open  until  the  seed  is  dry.  Again 
I  will  repeat,  hang  it  tip,  don't  pile  it  up. 


Plate  No.  4 


Plant  the  100  Best  Ears  Together 

One  hundred  or  so  of  the  very  best  ears  should  be  selected  in  the 
spring  when  we  are  testing  our  seed,  shelled,  and  mixed  together.  This 
best  seed  which  comes  from  the  finest  ears  should  be  planted  on  one  side 
of  the  com  field.  Next  fall  from  this  seven  or  eight  acres  should  be 
selected  the  seed  for  the  following  crop.  Is  there  any  good  reason  why 
any  of  us  should  fail  to  do  this?  We  all  recognize  the  great  law  that 
"like  tends  to  produce  like."  In  planting  the  field  it  takes  nolongerto 
put  this  best  seed  in  our  planter  and  plant  it  out  first. 

83 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA , 


Value  of  the  Disk  Harrow 


The  disk  harrow  is  the  most  valuable  implement  that  any  farmer  can 
have — it  does  not  matter  whether  he  farms  40  acres  or  40,000  acres. 
There  are  certain  soil  conditions  which  must  be  overcome  if  good  crops 
are  to  be  raised,  and  the  disk  harrow  is  the  only  implement  that  has  yet 
been  invented  which  will  overcome  these  conditions  in  a  satisfactory 
manner.  The  raising  of  crops  depends  upon  the  physical  condition  of  the 
ground,  temperature,  and  moisture.  It  is  essential  that  the  farmer  should 
understand  how  to  conserve  moisture,  particularly  in  dry  years.  There 
may  not  be  rainfall  enough  in  one  season  to  raise  a  large  crop,  yet  if  the 
moisture  has  been  properly  conserved,  no  farmer  need  ifear  a  failure. 

The  principle  of  conservation  of  moisture  is  based  upon  capillary  at- 
traction. In  order  that  capillary  attraction  may  take  place,  the  ground 
must  be  so  compact  that  each  particle  of  soil  comes  in  contact  with  the 
next  one  above  it.  When  the  ground  is  dry,  hard,  and  .sun-baked  the 
particles  of  soil  are  in  the  best  possible  condition  for  capillary  attraction, 
consequently  moisture  escapes  rapidly.  Disking  this  ground  forms  a 
mulch  of  fine  loose  dirt  which  breaks  up  capillary  attraction,  thus  pre- 
venting undue  escape  of  moisture  from  the  surface,  but  in  no  wise  inter- 
fering with  the  rising  of  the  subsoil  moisture  near  to  the  surface.  This 
mulch  of  dirt  also  permits  the  ground  to  drink  in  to  a  much  greater  e.xtent 
than  hard  and  sun-baked  soil,  the  surface  water  occasioned  by  showers, 
and  conserve  it  in  the  lower  strata  for  future  use. 

If  ground  is  disked  before  it  is  plowed  the  fine  mulch  of  dirt  turned 
under  with  the  turned  over  furrow  and  the  ground  iindemeath  forms  the 
means  of  capillary  attraction,  thus  making  a  much  better  seed  bed  than  is 
possible  when  the  ground  is  turned  without  previous  disking.  For  ex- 
ample, when  plowing  com  stalk  ground  which  has  not  been  disked,  the 
com  stalks  and  trash  form  air  spaces  so  that  capillary  attraction  cannot 
be  formed  with  the  under  layer  of  ground.  A  compact  seed  bed  cannot 
be  made  and  the  moisture  in  the  subsoil  is  prevented  from  rising  to 
nourish  the  roots  of  the  growing  plants.  This  same  thing  is  true  of  any 
kind  of  ground  which  is  not  mellow. 

Suppose  in  a  dry  fall  a  field  of  stubble  land  has  been  cleared  of  shocks 
and  is  ready  for  fall  plowing.  If  the  farmer  would  disk  the  stubble  thor- 
oughly as  soon  as  the  shocks  are  removed,  a  loose  mulch  would  be  formed 
which  would  help  to  avoid  excessive  evaporation  of  that  moisture  which 
remains  in  the  soil,  allow  the  moisture  in  the  subsoil  to  accumulate  near 
the  surface,  and  prepare  the  surface 
to  absorb  rains  readily,  thus  enabl- 
ing the  farmer  to  plow  in  a  field 
when, underordinary  conditions,  the 
ground  would  be  too  dry  and  hard. 

One  year  may  be  too  wet  to  grow 
good  crops,  another,  too  dry,  and  the 
third,  most  favorable.  The  use  of 
a  disk  harrow  in  any  one  of  these 
seasons  is  not  going  to  hurt  the 
land  a  particle,  even  if  it  is  not 
necessary,  and  it  may  doagreatdeal 
of  good.  Thus  the  farmer  is  not  tak- 
ing any  chances  when  he  disks,  and 

he  is  taking  grave   chances   if   he  qj^I^  Harrow 

does  not. 

The  I  H  C  line  of  spring  implements  includes  many  styles  and  sizes 
of  disk  harrows;  also  spring  tooth,  combination  and  peg  tooth  harrows, 
and  cultivators. 

84 


THC  ALMAIJAC  '^ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 


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I HC  ALMANAC  '&  ENCYCLOPEDL\, 


New  Bettendorf  Steel  Wagon 


Steel  Wagons 

First-class  wood  stock  is  becoming  more  and  more  diflficult  to  obtain 
tt  now  seems  a  question  of  only  a  few  years  until  the  supply  of  available 
material  will  be  exhausted.  Wagon  manufacturers  realize  this  and  are 
turning  to  steel  rather  than  run  the  risk  of  losing  their  reputation  by 
using  poor  wood  stock.  While  the  high  standard  of  quality  found  in  I  H  C 
wood  wagons  has  been  maintained , 
the  New  Bettendorf  and  Steel 
King  wagons  have  been  designed 
to  meet  the  demand  for  a  steel 
gear.  The  following  are  a  few  of 
the  features  which  are  making  the 
New  Bettendorf  and  the  Steel 
King  famous : 

Gears — New  Bettendorf  gears  I 
are  made  of  flawless  steel  with- 
out a  bolt  being  used  in  their  con- 
struction. 

A  removable  sleeve  reinforces 
the  axle,  relieves  the  skein  of  all 
wear,  can  be  replaced  when  worn, 
and  makes  the  axle  practically 
everlasting.  Steel  King  gears  have  reinforced  axles  and  skeins  and  the  bol- 
sters and  axles  are  equipped  with  steel  top  plates.      Bolsters  are  adjustable. 

Wheels — Oak  hubs,  oak  and  hickory   spokes,  oak  rims  thoroughly  . 
seasoned  and   soaked  in  oil,  properly  tired  and  banded,   correctly  por- 
tioned and  assembled,  and  artistically  finished  form  the  wheels  that  New 
Bettendorf  and  Steel  King  users  appreciate  and  recommend. 

Boxes  —  Steel  King  and  New  Bettendorf  boxes  are  constructed  of 
the   best   thoroughly- seasoned,    air-dried  wood   stock. 

Finish  —  P.aint  and  varnish  of  the  best  quality,  applied  by  expert 
wagon  painters  who  understand  their  business  in  all  its  details,  protect 
the  fibres  of  the  wood  stock,  and  add  not  only  durability  but  attractiveness. 

Guarantee.  New  Bettendorf  and  Steel  King  wagons  are  manufac- 
tured by  the  International  Harvester  Company,  which  is  in  itself  a 
guarantee  of  quality  and  assurance  of  long  and  continued  service. 
Every  I  H  C  wagon  bears  the  trade-mark.  Look  for  the  I  H  C  trade- 
mark— it's  an  assurance  of  satisfaction. 

International  Auto  Wagon 

The  International  auto  wagon  is  designed  for  use  over  country 
roads.       Farmers    will  find  an  International  auto   wagon  valuable  for 

quick  trips.     It   can   be   used  for   errands 
while  the  horses  remain  at  work  in  the  field. 
The  box  is  large  and  roomy,  and  can  be 
used  for  carrying  seed,  produce,  or  tools. 

Dairymen  and  truck  farmers  use  an 
International  to  make  quick  deliveries, 
saving  time,  and  enabling  them  to  give 
better  service  and  serve  more  customers. 
From  the  standpoint  of  economy  it  will  do  as  much  work  as  two  rigs, 
thus  saving  the  cost  of  one  driver  as  well  as  the  expense  connected  with 
the  care  of  extra  horses.  While  this  car  is  designed  for  commercial  pur- 
pose, there  is  no  reason  why  it  cannot  be  used  as  a  pleasure  vehicle 
when  occasion  demands.  By  adding  rear  seat  and  top,  which  are  fur- 
nished on  special  order  at  a  small  additional  price,  this  wagon  becomes 
1  neat  looking  and  comfortable  pleasure  car. 

86 


IHC  ALMANAC  ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Diagram  of 
the  split  log 
road  drag 


Making  a  Road  Drag 

A  good  road  must  be  oval,  hard  and  smooth.  It  is  possible  to  make 
a  road  with  these  three  attributes  by  the  use  of  the  split  log  rod  drag 
illustrated  and  explained  herewith. 

No  matter  how  bad  the  road  material  may  be,  a  good  road  is  possible 
if  the  drag  is  used.     Clay,  for  instance,  makes  an  almost  impassable  road 

when  water  soaked.  If 
the  drag  is  used  on  this 
material,  the  clay  is 
molded  and  tamped  into 
a  form  that  bakes  on  the 
surface  and  sheds  water 
instead  of  absorbing  it, 
making  one  of  the  most 
desirable  dirt  roads.  If 
the  road  is  oval, hard, and 
smooth, it  willshed  water. 
I  It  has  been  estimated 
that  the  road  drag  in- 
vented by  D.Ward  King, 
Maitland,  Mo.,  has  made 
modelroadsoutof  almost 
impassable  clay  ones  of 
the  com  belt,  and  at  a 
cost  of  less  than  $10.00 
per  mile. 

The  best  time  to  use 
the  drag  is  in  spring.  By 
addressing  the  State 
Boards  of  Agriculture  of 
Kansas  and  Missouri, 
complete  descriptions  of 
this  drag  may  be  ob- 
tained. 


1,1,  split  logs,  9  feet  long,  10 
to  I  2  inches  ihick,  set  on  edge 
30  inches  apart,  both  flat  sides 
to  the  front,  2.2,2,  strong  oak  or 
hedge  bars,  the  ends  of  which 
are  wedged  in  two-inch  auger 
holes  bored  through  the  logs  or  slabs.  Dotted  line,  chainor 
sirong  wire.  4,  6,  rings  to  connect  double-tree  clevis. 
Hitch  at  4  and  stand  at  3,  on  a  plank  laid  at  the  cross-bars, 
for  ordinary  work;  or  hitch  at  6  and  stand  at  5  for  ditch 
cleaning  or  to  make  the  drag  throw  more  dirt  to  the  left. 


Information  for  Builders 

Wood  and  Lumber 

A  cord  of  wood  contains  12S  cubic  feet.  To  ascertain  how  many  cords 
there  are  in  a  pile  of  wood,  multiply  the  length  by  the  height,  and  that 
by  the  width,  and  divide  the  product  by  128. 

To  ascertain  the  circumference  of  a  tree  required  to  hew  a  stick  of 
timber  of  any  given  number  of  inches  square,  divide  the  givrn  side  of  the 
square  by  .225,  and  the  quotient  is  the  circumference  required. 

Round  timber,  when  squared,  loses  one-fifth. 

To  measure  round  timber  take  the  girth  in  inches  at  both  large  and 
small  ends,  add  them,  divide  by  2,  which  gives  the  mean  girth;  then 
multiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  square  of  one-fourth  of  the  mean  girth 
and  the  quotient  will  be  the  contents  of  cubic  feet.  This  rule  is  commonly 
adopted,  and  gives  four-fifths  of  the  true  contents,  one-fifth  being  allowed 
to  the  purchaser  for  waste  in  sawin.g. 

To  measure  inch  boards,  mtiltiply  the  length  in  feet  by  the  width  in 
inches,  and  divide  the  product  by  12.  The  quotient  wiU.  be  the  contents 
in  feet.  For  lumber  ij^  inches  thick,  add  J.^  to  the  quotient.  If  i '-^ 
inches  thick,  add  K.  If  1J4  inches  thick,  add  li.  If  2  inches  thick, 
divide  by  6  instead  of  by  12.  If  2  '4  inches  thick,  add  '4  to  the  quotient 
and  so  on.  If  },  inches  thick,  divide  by  4.  If  4  inches  thick,  divide  by  3. 
If  6  inches  thick,  divide  by  2. 

87 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 

Covering  Capacity  of  Shiagles 

Average  size  of    shingles  —  4X  16    inches  —  is  taken    as  a   basis    of 

calculation. 

100  sq.  ft.  will  require  laid  4  inches  to  the  weather 900 

100  sq.  ft.  will  require  laid  4,' 2  inches  to  the  weather 800 

100  sq.  ft.  will  require  laid  5  inches  to  the  weather 720 

Three  and  one-half  pounds  of  four-penny  nails  are  required  for  laying 

1 ,000  shingles. 

S  to  10  per  cent  should  be  adied  to  these  figures  for  waste  and  shortage. 

Stone  &nd  Brick  Walls 

A  perch  of  stone  is  24.75  cubic  feet.  When  buit  in  the  wall,  2%' 
cubic  feet  are  allowed  for  the  mortar  and  filling;  hence,  22  cubic  feet  of 
stone  make  one  perch  of  wall. 

Masons  estimate  3  pecks  of  lime  and  4  bushels  of  sand  to  a  perch  of 
wall. 

To  find  the  number  of  perches  of  stone  in  a  wall,  multiply  together 
the  length,  height,  and  thickness  in  feet,  and  divide  by  22. 

Common  bricks  are  7 '4  to  8  inches  long  by  4!^  inches  wide  and  2}4 
inches  thick.     Front  bricks  are  '4  inch  longer  and  wider. 

It  requires  20  common  bricks  to  lay  one  cubic  foot.  In  an  8-inch 
wall  1 5  common  bricks  make  one  foot  of  wall. 

To  find  the  number  of  bricks  in  a  wall,  12  inches  or  more  in  thickness, 
multiply  together  the  length,  height  and  thickness  in  feet,  and  that  again 
by  20.  For  an  8-inch  wall,  multiply  the  length  by  the  height,  and  that 
by  15,  and  the  product  will  be  the  number  of  bricks  in  the  wall.  If  the 
wall  is  perforated  by  openings,  such  as  doors,  windows,  etc.,  multiply  the 
length  of  such  openings  by  the  width,  and  that  by  the  thickness,  and 
deduct  from  the  cubic  contents  of  the  wall  before  multiplying  by  15  or 
20  as  above. 

Labor  for  laying  common  brick  will  cost  $3  to  $4  per  thousand. 
Material  and  labor  for  laying  common  brick  will  cost  from  $10  to  $15 
per  thousand. 

Labor  for  laying  pressed  brick  will  cost  from  $12  to  $14  per  thousand. 

Labor  and  materia!  for  laymg  pressed  brick  will  cost  from  $32  to 
$40  per  thousand. 

One  and  one-eightn  barrels  of  lime  and  's  yard  of  sand  will  lay  1,000 
common  brick. 

Cne  mason  and  helpers  (at  the  rate  of  i  K  helpers  to  each  mason)  will 
lay  m  one  day  of  ten  hours  1,800  to  2,000  common  brick. 

Chimneys  cost  90  cents  per  foot  for  an  8-inch  flue  to  $1.20  per  foot 
for  a  12-inch  fl  je. 

Stone  foimdation  walls  for  elevators,  etc.,  should  not  be  less  than 
16  inches  thick.  A  thinner  wall  does  not  bond  together  well.  All 
foundation  walls  should  be  at  least  8  inches  thicker  than  that  portion 
of  the  wall  above  grade. 

Do  noc  use  more  mortar  than  necessary,  as  it  is  obvious  that  stone 
is  the  stronger  of  the  two  materials.  Do  not  lay  the  stone  vertically,  but 
on  its  natural  quarry  bed.  Otherwise,  water  will  easily  penetrate  between 
the  layers.  For  all  damp  places,  cement  mortar,  or  lime  and  cement 
mortar  should  be  used. 

How  to  Waterproof  Walls.  Allow  no  earth  to  be  placed  against 
the  wall,  but  fill  space  of  from  12  to  18  inches  next  to  the  wall  with 
broken  stone  or  gravel,  after  an  open-jointed  tile  drain  has  been  laid  at 
the  bottom.  The  outside  of  the  walls  and  footing  should  be  plastered 
thickly  with  cement  mortar,  one  part  sand  and  one  part  cement.  As 
an  additional  safeguard,  it  would  be  well  to  add  a  coat  of  asphalt  or  coal 
tar.    This,  howaver,  must  be  done  only  when  the  walls  are  absolutely  dry. 


IHC  ALMANAC  ^ ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


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89 


JHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z>  ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Spraying  in  a  Missouri  Orchard 

I  H  G  Spraying  Outfits 

I  H  C  Spraying  Outfits  include  i  and  2-horse power  outfits,  air  cooled 
and  water  cooled.  These  outfits  are  very  practical.  The  engine,  when 
not  used  to  operate  the  spraying  pump,  can  be  easily  disconnected  and 
used  for  general  farm  purposes.  Our  special  spraying  catalogue  con- 
tains more  complete  information  on  when  and  how  to  spray. 


Renting  a  Farm 

The  greatest  risk  is  always  on  the  landlord's  side  in  the  rental  of 
property.  He  is  putting  his  property  into  the  possession  and  care  of  an- 
other, who  may  be  a  person  of  doubtful  responsibility.  It  is  well  to  observe 
these  rules  and  cautions: 

Do  not  trust  to  a  verbal  lease — let  it  be  in  writing,  signed  and  sealed. 
Its  stipulations  then  become  commands  and  can  be  enforced.  Let  it  be 
signed  in  duplicate,  so  that  each  party  may  have  an  original. 

Be  careful  in  selecting  your  tenant.  There  is  more  in  the  man  than 
there  is  in  the  bond. 

Insert  such  covenants  as  to  repairs,  manner  of  use,  and  in  restraint  of 
waste  as  the  circumstances  call  for.  As  to  particular  stipulations,  ex- 
amine leases  drawn  by  those  who  have  had  long  experience  in  renting 
farms,  and  adopt  such  as  meet  your  case. 

There  should  be  covenants  against  assigning  and  underletting. 

If  the  tenant  is  of  doubtful  responsibility,  make  the  rent  payable  in 
installments.  A  covenant  that  the  crops  shall  remain  the  lessor's  till  the 
lessee's  contracts  with  him  have  been  fulfilled  is  valid  against  the  lessee's 
creditors.  In  the  ordinary  case  of  renting  farms  on  shares  the  courts 
will  treat  the  crops  as  the  joint  property  of  lord  and  tenant,  and  thus  pro- 
tect the  former's  rights 

Every  lease  should  contain  stipulations  for  forfeiture  and  re-entry  in 
case  of  non-payment  or  breach  of  any  covenants. 

91 


IHC  ALMANAC  '^  ENCYCLOPEDIA 


Interest  and  Statute  of  Limitations 


Interest 

Limitations 

^ 

Wl 

1/1 

State 

i^ 

cE 

C 

w 

Ul 

o 
2 

8 

J 

W 

•—1 

< 

Pnt 

P.  ct. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Alabama .... 

8 

8 

20 

*6 

3 

Arkansas  .... 

6 

lO 

lO 

S 

3 

Arizona 

6 

Any 

5 

4 

3 

California.  . .  . 

7 

Anv 

=; 

4 

2 

Colorado.  .  .  . 

8 

Any 

20 

6 

6 

Connecticut . 

6 

f) 

t 

% 

b 

Delaware.  .  .  . 

6 

6 

- 

6 

3 

Dist.  of  Col.  . 

6 

lO 

12 

3 

3 

Florida 

8 

lO 

20 

5 

2 

Georgia 

7 

8 

7 

6 

4 

Idaho 

7 

12 

6 

5 

4 

Illinois 

5 

7 

20 

lO 

S 

Indian  Ter.  .  . 
Indiana 

5 

6 

8 

tio 

lO 

6 

Iowa 

6 

8 

20 

lO 

S 

Kansas 

6 

lO 

5 

5 

3 

Kentucky .  .  . 

6 

6 

15 

15 

'5 

Louisiana..  .. 

5 

8 

lO 

5 

3 

Maine - 

5 

Any 

20 

tt6 

b 

Maryland.  .  .  . 

6 

6 

12 

3 

3 

Massachusetts 

6 

Any 

20 

6 

b 

Michigan .... 

5 

7 

6 

6 

b 

Minnesota..  . 

7 

lO 

lO 

6 

b 

Mississippi... 

6 

lO 

7 

6 

3 

Missouri,      .    . 

6 

8 

lO 

lo 

^ 

Interest 

Limitatio 

ns 

a 

.fj 

tf! 

State 

C3 

tl 

c 

1 

^ 

OJ 

o 

0 

>. 

'O  " 

^ 

H 

Prt 

w 

*—x 

<: 

P.ct. 

Yrs. 

Yrs. 

Yts 

Montana  .... 

8 

Any 

lO 

8 

Nebraska.  .  .  . 

7 

lO 

5 

s 

4 

Nevada 

7 

Any 

b 

6 

4 

N.  Hampshire 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

New  Jersey  .  . 
New  Mexico  . 

6 

6 

20 

6 

6 

6 

I  2 

7 

6 

4 

New  York.  .. 

b 

6 

20 

6 

6 

NorthCarolina 

b 

6 

lO 

•3 

3 

North  Dakota 

- 

12 

lo 

b 

6 

Ohio 

6 

8 

5 

15 

6 

Oklahoma  .  .  . 

7 

12 

I 

5 

3 

OreRon 

6 

lO 

lO 

6 

6 

Pennsylvania 

b 

6 

5 

6 

6 

Rhode  Island 

b 

Any 

20 

6 

6 

SouthCarolina 

7 

8 

lO 

6 

6 

South  DakoU 

7 

12 

lO 

6 

6 

Tennessee .  .   . 

b 

6 

lO 

6 

6 

Te.^as 

b 

lO 

lO 

4 

2 

Utah 

8 

Any 

8 

6 

4 

Vermont.  .  .  . 

b 

6 

8 

«6 

5 

Virginia 

b 

6 

20 

5 

2 

Washington.  . 

6 

I  2 

6 

b 

3 

West  Virginia 

b 

b 

lO 

10 

3 

Wisconsin  .  .  . 

b 

lO 

20 

b 

b 

Wyoming.  .  - 

8 

12 

S 

5 

8 

>le    notes  6:    nc 

n-neg 

otiabl 

e  17. 

-Varies  by 

*Under   seal  10.      tNo   law.     tNeg 
counties.     IIReal  estate  20.      ttUnder  seal  12.     $}Under  seal  14. 

Days  of  grace  on  notes  and  drafts  are  given  in  the  following  states  and  territories: 
Alabama,  Arkansas.  South  Dakota,  Georgia,  Indian  Territory,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas. 
Kentucky,  iJouisiana,  Michigan,  Minnesota.  Mississippi,  Missouri.  Nebraska,  Nevada.  New 
Mexico.  North  Carolina,  Oklahoma,  South  Carolina,  Texas,  and  Wyoming. 

Homestead  Laws 

Any  person  who  is  the  head  of  a  family,  or  who  is  21  years  old  and  is 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States  or  has  filed  his  declaration  of  intention  to 
become  such,  and  who  is  not  the  proprietor  of  more  than  160  acres  of 
land  in  any  state  or  territory,  is  entitled  to  enter  one-quarter  section 
( 1 60  acres)  or  less  quantity  of  unappropriated  public  land  under  the  home- 
stead laws.  The  applicant  must  make  affidavit  that  he  is  entitled  to  the 
privileges  of  the  homestead  act  and  that  the  entry  is  made  for  his  exclu- 
sive use  and  for  actual  settlement  and  cultivation,  and  must  pay  the  legal 
fee  and  that  part  of  the  commission  required,  as  follows:  Fee  for  160 
acres,  $10;  commission,  S4  to  Si  2.  Fee  for  eighty  acres,  $5  ;  commission, 
$2  to  $6.  Within  six  months  from  the  date  of  entry  the  settler  must 
take  up  his  residence  upon  the  land  and  cultivate  the  same  for  five  years 
continuously.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period,  or  within  two  years  there- 
after, proof  of  residence  and  cultivation  must  be  established  by  four  wit- 
nesses. The  proof  of  settlement,  with  the  certificate  of  the  register  of  the 
land  office,  is  forwarded  to  the  general  land  office  at  Washington,  from 
which  a  patent  is  issued.  Final  proof  cannot  be  made  until  the  expiration 
of  five  years  from  date  of  entry,  and  must  be  made  within  seven  years. 
The  government  recognizes  no  sale  of  a  homestead  claim.  After  the  expi- 
ration of  fourteen  months  from  date  of  entry  the  law  allows  the  home- 
steader to  secure  title  to  the  tract,  if  so  desired,  by  paying  for  it  in  cash 
and  making  proof  of  settlement,  residence,  and  cultivation  for  that  period. 

The  law  allows  only  one  homestead  privilege  to  any  one  person. 

92 


IHC  ALMANAC  ^  ENCYCLOPEDIA, 


Simple  Interest  Table 

Note.  —  To  find  the  amount  of  interest  at  r'a  per  cent  on  any  given  sum,  divide  the 
amount  given  for  the  same  sum  in  the  table  at  5  percent  by  2;  at  3'3  per  cent  divide  the 
amount  at  7  per  cent  by  2.  etc 


Time 

-0 

0 

•0 

ca 

00 

0 

0 

XI 

0 

0 

B 

0 

a 

0 

B 

0 

0 

E 

g 

0 

u 

a 

Amt. 

Interest 

1 

2 
2 

I 

I 
I 

3 
3 
4 

3 

I 
1 

I 

I 

3 

4 

Si 

, 

5 

f  J 

7 



b 
7 

~ 

I 

2 
3 
3 

4 

2 

3 
4 
5 

2 
3 
4 
5 
0 

3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

6 

1 
I 
I 

8 

$2 

5 

6..... 

7 

10 
12 
14 

I 

1 

2 
2 

I 
2 
3 
3 
4 

2 

4 
S 
5 

3 
4 

5 
6 
7 

4 

6 
8 
0 

6 

8 

10 

12 

5 
6 
8 
9 
1 1 

9 

\ 

I 
1 

I 
I 

12 

S3 

I 

tS 

7 

I 

21 

$4 

3 

4 

I 
I 

1 
I 
2 

I 
I 
2 
2 
2 

2 

3 
4 

5 

3 

4 

6 
7 

4 
5 
7 
8 
9 

6 

8 

10 

12 

14 

12 
16 
20 

6 

24 

7 

28 

I 

1 

1 
2 
2 

I 
I 

2 

3 

3 

2 
3 
4 

5 
6 

4 

6 
8 
p 

5 

6 

8 

10 

12 

7 

8 

10 

13 

I  ^ 

8 
10 
13 
15 
18 

15 

I 
: 
I 
I 

20 

$5 

5 

6 

7 

; 

I 
I 

25 

30 

3$ 

' 

I 

I 
2 
2 

2 

1 

2 
3 
3 
4 

2 

3 
4 

5 
6 

3 

6 

8 

10 

12 

7 
10 
13 
IS 
18 

10 
13 
17 
20 
21 

12 
16 
21 

2S 
20 

IS 
20 
25 
30 
35 

! 

1 

I 

I 
I 
I 

I 
T 

; 

Sio 

50 

6    .  .               

60 

7 

70 

2 
2 
3 
3 

2 

3 
3 

4 

I 
2 
3 
3 

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Compound  Interest  on  One  Dollar 


cent 

Rate  per  cent 

3 

4 

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6 

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Years     3 

4 

5               6 

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WHEN  MONEY  DOUBLES  AT  INTEREST 

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Interest 

Interest 

1.24 

1.30 

1.36 

Simple 

Comp'd           Simple  Comp'd 

1.16 

1 .21 

1.28 

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1. 41 

Rate     Years 

\ears 

Rate     i  ears 

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1.17 

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1-31 

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1-34 

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7 14-29 

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4 25.00 

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9.58 

93 


JHC  ALMANAC  Z> ENCYCLOPEDIA^ 


Customary  Doses  of  Drugs  for  Farm  Animals 

In  the  list  of  doses,  oz.  stands  for  ounce,  pt.  fur  pint,  lb.  for  pound,  gr.  for  grain,  dr.  for 
dram.  dp.  for  drop. 


Name  of  Drug 


Cattle 


Sheep 


Horses 


Hogs 


Dogs 


Acetanilid 

Aconite  Tincture 

Alcohol  (see  Brandy) 

Alum 

Ammonia  Water 

Ammonia  Aromatic 

Aniseed 

Arnica  Tincture 

Arsenic 

Asafetida  Tincture 

Atropine 

Belladonna  Fluid  Extract . 

Boracic  Acid ■ 

Brandy 

Calcium   Phosphate 

Calomel 

Camphor  Spirit 

Cantharides 

Carbolic  Acid 

Castor  Oil 

Chalk 

Charcoal 

Chloral  Hydrate 

Chloroform 

Cocaine 

Cod  Liver  Oil 

Copperas 

Copper  Sulphate 

Digitalis 

Epsom  Salts .  . 

Ergot 

Ether 

Fowler's  Solution(see  Arsenic) 

Gentian 

Ginger. 

Glauber  Salts 

Glycerine 

Hydrochloric  Acid 

Iodide  of  Potash 

Ipecac 

Iron  Sulphate .  .  .  .• 

Jamaica  Ginger 

Laudanum 

Lead  Acetate 

Lime  Water 

Linseed  Oil 

Morphine 

Mustard 

Nitre 

Nux  Vomica 

Olive  Oil 

Opium   (powdered) 

Pepper 

Peppermint  Oil 

Potassium  Bromide 

Quinine 

Rhubarb 

Saltpetre  (see  Nitre) ...   

Soda 

Spanish  Flies  (see  Cantharides) 

Strychnine 

Subnitrate  of  Bismuth  — 

Sulphur 

Turpentine   


2  dr. 
20—30  dp. 

3-4  dr. 

1  oz. 

2  oz. 

1 . 5  oz. 
I  oz. 
5  dr. 

3  oz. 
1-2  gr. 
I  dr. 

3  dr. 

4  OZ. 

I  OZ. 

1-2  dr. 

I  oz. 
5-20  gr. 
1-2  dr. 

1  pt. 

2  oz. 
1-2  oz. 
1-2  oz. 
1-2  dr. 

10  gr. 
3-8  oz. 

2  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

10-60  gr. 

I  lb. 
.5-1  oz. 

1  oz. 

8  dr. 
5-8  dr. 
i-i.S  lb. 
3-5  oz- 
2-3  dr. 
1-2  dr. 
2-4  dr. 

2  dr. 
2  oz. 

2-5  oz. 

1  dr. 
4—6  oz. 

1-2   pt. 

S-io  gr. 

1  oz. 
3-8  oz. 

2  dr. 
1-2  pt. 

2  dr. 
2-4  dr. 
30  dp. 

2  oz. 

1  dr. 
1-2  oz. 

2  OZ. 


2-3  gr. 
2  dr. 


.5-1  dr. 
10  dp. 

40  gr. 

2  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

2  dr. 
5-20  dp. 

.5  oz, 

I -1 5  gr. 

20  dp. 

£0  gr. 

1-2  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

5-20  gr. 

2  dr. 

4-8  gr. 
10-20  dp. 

2-4  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

25  dp. 


3-8  dr. 

20  gr. 

20-30  gr. 

5-1  5  gr. 

1—4  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

2-4  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

1-2  dr. 

1-4  dr. 

Sdr 

11-30  dp. 

10-25  gr. 

1  dr. 
25  gr. 
■  5  oz. 
1-4  dr. 

25  gr. 

2  oz. 
6-12  oz. 

1-2  gr. 

1-2  dr. 

I  dr. 

30-40  gr. 


6-25  gr- 
15-25  gr. 


2-4  dr. 

S-io  gr. 

I  dr. 

-5  oz. 

Va-i  gr. 

10-30  gr. 

1-2  oz. 

1-4  dr. 


1-2  dr. 
10-30  dp. 

2-4  dr. 
.5  oz. 
1-2  oz. 

1  oz. 
.5-1  oz. 
2-4  dr. 

2  oz. 
I  gr. 

.Sdr. 
1-3  dr. 
2-4  oz. 
2-4  dr. 

I  dr. 
2-4  dr. 
5-20  gr. 
.5-2  dr. 

I  pt. 
.5-2  oz. 
1-2  oz. 

1-2  OZ. 

1-2  dr. 
5-10  gr. 

2-6  oz. 
I  dr. 

2-4  dr. 
10-50  gr. 
.5-1  lb. 
.5-1  oz. 
.5-1  oz. 

4-8  dr. 
2-8  dr. 
.5-1  lb. 
2-5  oz. 
1-3  dr. 
.5-2  dr. 
1-2  dr. 
1-2  dr. 

1  oz. 
1—4  oz. 

I  dr. 
4-6  oz. 
.5-1  pt. 
i-io  gr. 
.5-1  oz. 
1-2  oz. 
1-2  dr. 
1-2  pt. 
1-2  dr. 
1-3  dr. 
15-30  dp. 

1-2  oz. 

15-60  gr. 

1-2  oz. 

I  oz. 

.5-2  gr. 
1-2  dr. 
2-4  oz. 
1-2  oz. 


.5-1  dr. 
5  dp. 

40  gr. 

I  dr. 
1-2  dr. 

I  dr. 

1  dr. 
5—20  dp. 

2  dr. 
1-15  gr. 

3  dp. 
15  gr. 

1-2  oz. 
1*2  dr. 
5-20  gr. 
15  dp. 
4-8  gr. 
S-iS  dp. 
2-4  oz. 

1  dr. 
2-4  dr. 
1-2  dr. 
20  dp. 


2-6  dr. 

10  gr. 

20-30  gr, 

3-10  gr. 

I  oz. 
1-2  dr. 
2-4  dr. 

1-2  dr. 
15-60  gr. 


4  dr. 
10-20  dp. 
5-20  gr. 


25  gr. 


1-2  dr. 
20  gr. 


5-10  oz. 

1-2  dr. 

1  dr. 

10-20  gr. 


5-20  gr. 
10-20  gr. 


2-4  dr. 
5-10  gr. 

1  dr. 

2  dr. 


3-7  gr. 
1-3  dp. 

IS  gr. 

.sdr. 

20—60  dp. 

IS  gr- 

7—20  dp. 

i-S  dp. 

I  dr. 

1-40  gr. 

I  dp. 

8  gr. 

1-4  dr. 

5-20  gr. 

I  gr. 

10  dp. 

1-2  gr. 

3-8  dp. 

1-2  dr. 

5-1  dr. 

20-60  gr. 

5-20  gr. 

10  dp. 

1-3  dr. 


1-2  gr. 

2  gr. 
1-4  dr. 

I  dr. 
2S  dp. 

40  gr. 

5-20  gr. 


S-20  gr. 

1-2  oz. 

I  dr. 


I  dr. 

S  dp. 
2-8  gr. 
1-2  gr. 

4  gr. 


20  dp. 

1-2  gr. 

1-8  dr. 
I  oz. 

S-i  gr. 

20  gr. 
S-20  gr. 

1-2  gr. 

2-4  oz. 

1-3  gr. 
4-IO  gr. 

I  -s  dp. 
5-50  gr. 

1-2  gr. 
5-10  gr. 

20-50  gr. 


3-10  gr. 

1-4  dr. 

20-50  dp. 


94 


^JHC  ALMANAC  '^  EKCYCLOPEDIA^^^t- 
Incubation  and  Gestation  Tables 


Guinea  fowls 28  days 

Pheasants 25  days 

Ostriches 40-42  days 


Chickens 20-22  days 

Geese 28-34  days 

Ducks 28  days 

Turkeys 27-29  days 

The  period  of  gestation  in  animals  varies  considerably,  but  the  follow- 
ing is  an  average  period  based  on  a  long  series  of  observations: 

Elephant 2  years  Goat 5  months 

Camel 1 1-12  months  Pig 3J2'  months 


Ass . . . 
Mare . . 
Cow.. 
Sheep . 


1 2  months  Bitch 9  weeks 

1 1  months  Cat 8  weeks 

9  months  Rabbit 30  days 

5  months  Guinea  pig 65  days 


Advantages  of  Feeding  Ground  Grain 

Prof.  W.  J.  Kennedy  of  the  Iowa  State  College,  in  an  article  in  the 
Farmer's  Tribune  on  the  subject  of  grinding  feed  for  live  stock,  says: 

"A  careful  study  of  the  experiments  conducted  by  the  various  experi- 
ment stations,  and  under  a  variety  of  conditions  with  different  classes  of 
stock,  has  invariably  shown  that  it  requires  less  ground  grain  to  produce 
a  given  amount  of  milk,  meat,  or 
work  than  it  does  when  whole  or 
unground  grain  is  used.  In  some 
instances  the  difference  is  as  high 
as  35  per  cent. 

Use  an  International  grinder. 
The  International  feed  grinder  is 
built  in  two  styles.  One  style  is 
designed  especially  for  grin4ing 
com  on  the  cob ;  however,  it  will 
also  grind  wheat,  barley,  oats,  Kafir 
com,  etc.  This  mill  is  built  in  two 
sizes — with  8-inch  and  with  lo-inch 
grinding  plates.  The  other  style  is 
designed  for  grinding  small  grain 
only,  and  is  built  in  one  size  with 
8-inch  grinding  plates. 

Dehorning  Calves 

Taking  horns  off  yearling  or  older  cattle  is  a  hard  shock  to  them. 
It  costs  a  week's  feed,  and  may  cost  much  more.  It  is  very  easy  to 
prevent  the  horns  starting,  requiring  only  thoughtful  attention  for  a 
few  minutes  before  the  horns  have  come  through  the  skin. 

The  following  recipe  has  never  failed:  Procure  common  powdered 
concentrated  lye,  such  as  all  housewives  use.  A  lo-cent  can  will  dehorn 
100  calves.  When  the  calf  is  a  week  or  more  old,  before  the  horn  has 
come  through  the  skin,  and  when  you  can  feel  it  in  the  shape  of  a  little 
button  under  the  skin,  take  the  calf  in  hand.  Lay  him  gently  on  hie 
side.  Spit  on  the  little  bump  and  rub  it  in  with  your  finger,  till  a  place 
is  wet  as  big  as  a  silver  quarter  of  a  dollar.  Don't  wet  anywhere  else. 
Take  your  knife  and  lift  out  dry  the  powdered  lye,  as  much  as  two  grains 
of  corn.  Press  it  down  on  the  wet  place.  It  will  siick  there.  Treat 
the  other  side  in  the  same  manner.  Let  the  calf  go.  It  won't  hurt  him 
much,  or  long.  A  scab  forms;  do  not  touch  it.  It  will  peel  off  after  a 
time,  and  the  hair  will  grow  over  the  place ,  you  will  have  a  fine  smootli 
head,  equal  to  a  natural  polled  head. 


95 


Do  You  Want  to  Keep  Posted? 

Then  fill  in  the  information  requested  in  this  sheet, 
tear  it  out  along  the  dotted  lines  and  mail  to  us  promptly. 
We  will  keep  your  name  on  our  mailing  list  and  send 
you,  free  of  charge,  new  reading  matter  which  we  issue 
from  time  to  time,  relating  to  agriculture  and  to  new 
farm  machines  which  will  enable  you  to  farm  with  less 
expense  —  less  work. 

This    Places    You    Under    No    Obligation 

Name    R.F.D 

P.  O State 

How  many  acres  do  you  farm? 

How  much  stock  do  you  keep? 

Horses Hogs      Sheep 

Cattle,  of  which are  Milch  Cows. 

Do  you  use  a  Gasoline    Engine?     

Manure  Spreader?     

Cream  Separator?       

Hay  Press?  

Feed  Grinder?  

Gasoline  Tractor?       

Auto  Wagon?  


^ 


Indicate  L  y  a  check  mark  <  thus  V  i  the  literature  you  would  like  to  receive 

Check 

Check 

Here 

Here 

Gasoline  entwine  literature 

Header  binder  literature 

Gasoline    traction    engine 

Header  literature 

literature 

Thresher  literature 

Gasoline  spraying  engine 

Mower  literature 

literature 

Rake  literature 

Cream  separator  literature 

Sweep  rake  literature 

Manure  spreader  litera- 

Hay stacker  literature 

ture 

Side     delivery    rake  lit 

Hay  press  literature 

erature 

Feed  grinder  literature 

Tedder  literature 

Wagon  literature 

Hay  loader  literature 

Disk  harrow  literature 

Com  binder  literature 

Peg     tooth*    harrow     lit- 

Shredder literature 

erature 

Corn  picker  literature 

Spring   tooth   harrow   lit^ 

Corn  sheller  literature 

erature 

Auto  wagon  literature 

Cultivator  literature 

Thrift  Land  Booklet 

Binder  literature 

g^ 


International  Harvester  Company  of  America 

(Incorporated) 

Chicago  USA 


We  here  renew  the  invitation  to  farmers,  and  all 
others  interested  in  the  farm,  to  make  free  use  of  the 
I  H  C  Service  Bureau.  Let  it  help  you  solve  some  of 
your  crop,  dairy,  fruit,  and  stock  problems.  When 
you  have  a  question  that  needs  an  answer,  send  it  along 
to  the  Bureau,  which  is  in  the  Harvester  Building,  Chicago, 
and  when  you  have  an  answer  that  may  fit  some  fellow's 
question,  send  that  along  too. 

We  are  all  working  toward  the  same  end  —  bigger  and 
better  crops  —  so  we  had  just  as  well  work  together. 
The  Bureau  has  gathered  a  lot  of  valuable  information 
—  it  is  still  gathering  —  and  we  employ  some  agricul- 
turists who  are  cooperating  with  other  agriculturists. 
The  service  is   accurate,   and  is   worth  using  liberally. 

To  help  in  the  work  we  would  like  to  have  you  check 
in  the  information  asked  in  the  table  below: 


^ 


I  already  have  in  use  machines  I  have  checked  ^  to  left  of  article 

Check 

Check 

Here 

Here 

Gasoline  engine 

Header 

Traction  engine 

Thresher 

Cream  separator 

Mower  (old)  (new) 

Manure  spreader 

Rakes  (old)  (new) 

Hay  press 

Sweep  rakes 

Feed  grinder 

Hay  stackers 

Wagons  (old)  (new) 

Side  del.  rakes 

Farm  trucks 

Tedder 

Disk  harrow 

Hay  loader 

Peg  tooth  harrow 

Com  binder 

Spring  tooth  harrow 

Shredder 

Cultivator 

Com  picker 

Binder  {old  )(new) 

Corn  sheller 

Header  binder 

Auto  wagon 

Fill  in  Name  of  Your  I.mple.ment  Dealer: 


Name 


1^ 


Town  State 


m 


The  I  H  C  Line  includes: 

CHAMPION  DEERING    NFCORMICK 

MILV/AUKEE  ■  OSBORNE  •  PLANO 

HARVESTING  6- HAYING  MACHINES  &TOOLS 

TILLAGE     IMPLEMENTS 

KEYSTONE  SHELLERS.  HAYLOADERS.RAKES 

GASOLINE  ENGINES,  HAV  PRESSES, 

FEED  GRINDERS,  AUTO  BUGGIES. 

AUTO^VAGONS  AND  RO.\DSTERS, 

DAIRVMAID  AND  BLUEBELL  CREAM 

HARVESTERS,  CORN  KING.  CLOVERLEAF 

&-  KEMP20^-H CENTURY  MANURE  SPREADERS. 

WEBER. COLUMBUS,  NEW  BETTENDORF 

&  STEEL  KING  WAGONS,  BUCKEYE 

G-  STERLING  FARM  TRUCKS. 

THRESHERS,  BINDER  TWINE 


/ 


rR 


l/;;^;;ife,!ftfi'^^^^^ 


'tj^-^%. 


